s, and blockade of cardiac inhibitory reflexes during induction of anesthesia and intubation, intraoperatively to counteract surgically or drug-induced or vagal reflex-associated arrhythmias, and for protection against peripheral muscarinic effects of cholinergic agents. ( 1 ) in peptic ulcer (adults) as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of peptic ulcer when rapid anticholinergic effect is desired or oral medication is not tolerated.

injection may cause mydriasis and increase intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. advise patients with glaucoma to promptly seek medical care in the event that they experience symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma (pain and reddening of the eyes, accompanied by dilated pupils). 5.2 drowsiness or blurred vision glycopyrrolate injection may cause drowsiness or blurred vision. warn patients not to participate in activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery, or performing hazardous work, until these issues resolve. 5.3 heat prostration in the presence of fever, high environmental temperature, and/or during physical exercise, heat prostration can occur with use of anticholinergic agents including glycopyrrolate injection (due to decreased sweating), particularly in children and the elderly. advise patients to avoid exertion and high environmental temperature after receiving glycopyrrolate injection. 5.4 intestinal obstruction diarrhea may be an early symptom of incomplete intestinal obstruction, especially in patients with ileostomy or colostomy. in this instance treatment with glycopyrrolate injection is inappropriate and possibly harmful. avoid use in patients with these conditions. 5.5 tachycardia investigate any tachycardia before giving glycopyrrolate injection because an increase in the heart rate may occur. use with caution in patients with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and/or hyperthyroidism. 5.6 risk of use in patients with renal impairment renal elimination of glycopyrrolate may be severely impaired in patients with renal failure. dosage adjustments may be necessary in this population [ see pharmacokinetics ( 12.3 ) ] 5.7 autonomic neuropathy, hepatic disease, ulcerative colitis, prostatic hypertrophy, or hiatal hernia use glycopyrrolate injection with caution in the elderly and in all patients with autonomic neuropathy, hepatic disease, ulcerative colitis, prostatic hypertrophy, or hiatal hernia, because anticholinergic drugs may aggravate these conditions. consider dose reduction and closely monitor the elderly and patients with autonomic neuropathy, hepatic disease, ulcerative colitis, prostatic hypertrophy, or hiatal hernia. 5.8 delayed gastric emptying/gastric stasis the use of anticholinergetic drugs, including glycopyrrolate injection, in the treatment of gastric ulcer may produce a delay in gastric emptying due to antral statis. monitor patients for symptoms such as vomiting, dyspepsia, early satiety, abdominal distention, and increased abdominal pain. discontinue glycopyrrolate injection treatment if these symptoms develop or worsen on treatment. 5.9 light sensitivity patients may experience sensitivity of the eyes to light. advise patients to protect their eyes from light after receiving glycopyrrolate injection.

pyridostigmine peptic ulcer: glycopyrolate injection is not indicated for the treatment of peptic ulcer in pediatric patients do not use prefilled syringe to administer a dose of less than 0.1 mg (0.5 ml). ( 2.3 ) see full prescribing information for preparation, handling, and instructions for use of pre-filled syringe ( 2.4 , 2.5 ) 2.1 general dosing and administration information parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. glycopyrrolate injection may be administered intramuscularly, or intravenously, without dilution. do not introduce any other fluid into the syringe at any time. do not dilute for iv push. do not re-sterilize the syringe. do not use this product on a sterile field. this product is for single dose only. 2.2 dosing in adults preanesthetic medication the recommended dose of glycopyrrolate injection is 0.004 mg/kg by intramuscular injection, given 30 to 60 minutes prior to the anticipated time of induction of anesthesia or at the time the preanesthetic narcotic and/or sedative are administered. intraoperative medication glycopyrrolate injection may be used during surgery to counteract drug-induced or vagal reflexes and their associated arrhythmias (e.g., bradycardia). it should be administered intravenously as single doses of 0.1 mg and repeated, as needed, at intervals of 2 to 3 minutes. attempt to determine the etiology of the arrhythmia, and perform the surgical or anesthetic manipulations necessary to correct parasympathetic imbalance. reversal of neuromuscular blockade the recommended dose of glycopyrrolate injection is 0.2 mg for each 1 mg of neostigmine or 5 mg of pyridostigmine. peptic ulcer the usual recommended dose of glycopyrrolate injection is 0.1 mg administered at 4-hour intervals, 3 or 4 times daily intravenously or intramuscularly. where more profound effect is required, 0.2 mg may be given. some patients may need only a single dose. frequency of administration should be dictated by patient response up to a maximum of four times daily. 2.3 dosing in pediatric patients preanesthetic medication the recommended dose of glycopyrrolate injection in pediatric patients is 0.004 mg/kg intramuscularly, given 30 to 60 minutes prior to the anticipated time of induction of anesthesia or at the time the preanesthetic narcotic and/or sedative are administered. patients under 2 years of age may require up to 0.009 mg/kg. do not use this prefilled syringe to administer a dose of less than 0.1 mg (0.5 ml). intraoperative medication because of the long duration of action of glycopyrrolate injection if used as preanesthetic medication, additional glycopyrrolate injection for anticholinergic effect intraoperatively is rarely needed; in the event it is required the recommended pediatric dose is 0.004 mg/kg intravenously, not to exceed 0.1 mg in a single dose which may be repeated, as needed, at intervals of 2 to 3 minutes. attempt to determine the etiology of the arrhythmia, and perform the surgical or anesthetic manipulations necessary to correct parasympathetic imbalance. do not use this prefilled syringe to administer a dose of less than 0.1 mg (0.5 ml). reversal of neuromuscular blockade the recommended pediatric dose of glycopyrrolate injection is 0.2 mg for each 1 mg of neostigmine or 5 mg of pyridostigmine. in order to minimize the appearance of cardiac side effects, the drugs may be administered simultaneously by intravenous injection and may be mixed in the same syringe. do not use this prefilled syringe to administer a dose of less than 0.1 mg (0.5 ml). peptic ulcer glycopyrrolate injection is not indicated for the treatment of peptic ulcer in pediatric patients. 2.4 preparation and handling diluent compatibilities dextrose 5% and 10% in water, or saline, dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.45%, sodium chloride 0.9%, and ringer's injection. diluent incompatibilities lactated ringer's solution. admixture compatibilities physical compatibility this list does not constitute an endorsement of the clinical utility or safety of co-administration of glycopyrrolate injection with these drugs. glycopyrrolate injection is compatible for mixing and injection with the following injectable dosage forms: atropine sulfate, usp; physostigmine salicylate; diphenhydramine hcl; codeine phosphate, usp; benz-quinamide hcl; hydromorphone hcl, usp; droperidol; levorphanol tartrate; lidocaine, usp; meperidine hcl, usp; pyridostigmine bromide; morphine sulfate, usp; nalbuphine hcl; oxymorphone hcl; procaine hcl, usp; promethazine hcl, usp; neostigmine methylsulfate, usp; scopolamine hbr, usp; butorphanol tartrate; fentanyl citrate; trimethobenzamide hcl; and hydroxyzine hcl. glycopyrrolate injection may be administered via the tubing of a running infusion of normal saline. admixture incompatibilities physical incompatibility because the stability of glycopyrrolate is questionable above a ph of 6.0 do not combine glycopyrrolate injection in the same syringe with methohexital na; chloramphenicol na succinate; dimenhydrinate; pentobarbital na; thiopental na; secobarbital na; sodium bicarbonate; diazepam; dexamethasone na phosphate; or pentazocine lactate. these mixtures will result in a ph higher than 6.0 and may result in gas production or precipitation. 2.5 instructions for use of pre-filled syringe: figure 1: outer packaging and prefilled syringe inspect the outer packaging (blister pack) to confirm the integrity of the packaging. do not use if the blister pack or the prefilled syringe has been damaged. remove the syringe from the outer packaging. (see figure 2 ) figure 2 visually inspect the syringe. parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. twist off the syringe tip cap. do not remove the label around the luer lock collar. (see figure 3 ) figure 3 expel air bubble(s). adjust the dose (if applicable). administer the dose ensuring that pressure is maintained on the plunger rod during the entire administration. discard the used syringe into an appropriate receptacle. figure 1 figure 2 figure 3

wing adverse events have been reported from post-marketing experience with glycopyrrolate: malignant hyperthermia; cardiac arrhythmias (including bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation); cardiac arrest; hypertension; hypotension; seizures; and respiratory arrest. post-marketing reports have included cases of heart block and qtc interval prolongation associated with the combined use of glycopyrrolate and an anticholinesterase. injection site reactions including pruritus, edema, erythema, and pain have also been reported. most common adverse reactions are related to anticholinergic pharmacology and may include xerostomia (dry mouth); urinary hesitancy and retention; blurred vision and photophobia due to mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); cycloplegia; increased ocular tension; tachycardia; bradycardia; palpitation; and decreased sweating. ( 6 ) to report suspected adverse reactions, contact fresenius kabi usa, llc at 1-800-551-7176 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

d 5 times the maximum recommended human dose (mrhd) of 2 mg (on a mg/m 2 basis), respectively ( see data ). the estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. all pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15−20%, respectively. data human data published, randomized, controlled trials over several decades, which compared the use of glycopyrrolate to another antimuscarinic agent in pregnant women during cesarean section, have not identified adverse maternal or infant outcomes. in normal doses (0.004 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate does not appear to affect fetal heart rate or fetal heart rate variability to a significant degree. concentrations of glycopyrrolate in umbilical venous and arterial blood and in the amniotic fluid are low after intramuscular administration to parturients. therefore, glycopyrrolate does not appear to penetrate through the placental barrier in significant amounts. there are no studies on the safety of glycopyrrolate exposure during the period of organogenesis, and therefore, it is not possible to draw any conclusions on the risk of birth defects following exposure to glycopyrrolate during pregnancy. in addition, there are no data on the risk of miscarriage following fetal exposure to glycopyrrolate. animal data reproduction studies with glycopyrrolate were performed in rats at a dietary dose of approximately 65 mg/kg/day (exposure was approximately 320 times the maximum recommended daily human dose of 2 mg on a mg/m 2 basis) and rabbits at intramuscular doses of up to 0.5 mg/kg/day (exposure was approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m 2 basis). these studies produced no teratogenic effects to the fetus. a preclinical study on reproductive performance of rats given glycopyrrolate resulted in a decreased rate of conception and survival at weaning. 8.2 lactation risk summary there are no data on the presence of glycopyrrolate in either human milk or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. as with other anticholinergics, glycopyrrolate may cause suppression of lactation [see adverse reactions ( 6 )] . the developmental and health benefits of breast feeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for glycopyrrolate injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from glycopyrrolate injection or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 pediatric use safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established for the management of peptic ulcer. dysrhythmias associated with the use of glycopyrrolate intravenously as a premedicant or during anesthesia have been observed in pediatric patients. infants, patients with down's syndrome, and pediatric patients with spastic paralysis or brain damage may experience an increased response to anticholinergics, thus increasing the potential for side effects. a paradoxical reaction characterized by hyperexcitability may occur in pediatric patients taking large doses of anticholinergics including glycopyrrolate injection. infants and young children are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of anticholinergics. 8.5 geriatric use clinical studies of glycopyrrolate injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. in general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other therapy. 8.6 renal impairment renal elimination of glycopyrrolate may be severely impaired in patients with renal failure. dosage adjustments may be necessary [see clinical pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .

mes. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15−20%, respectively. data human data published, randomized, controlled trials over several decades, which compared the use of glycopyrrolate to another antimuscarinic agent in pregnant women during cesarean section, have not identified adverse maternal or infant outcomes. in normal doses (0.004 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate does not appear to affect fetal heart rate or fetal heart rate variability to a significant degree. concentrations of glycopyrrolate in umbilical venous and arterial blood and in the amniotic fluid are low after intramuscular administration to parturients. therefore, glycopyrrolate does not appear to penetrate through the placental barrier in significant amounts. there are no studies on the safety of glycopyrrolate exposure during the period of organogenesis, and therefore, it is not possible to draw any conclusions on the risk of birth defects following exposure to glycopyrrolate during pregnancy. in addition, there are no data on the risk of miscarriage following fetal exposure to glycopyrrolate. animal data reproduction studies with glycopyrrolate were performed in rats at a dietary dose of approximately 65 mg/kg/day (exposure was approximately 320 times the maximum recommended daily human dose of 2 mg on a mg/m 2 basis) and rabbits at intramuscular doses of up to 0.5 mg/kg/day (exposure was approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m 2 basis). these studies produced no teratogenic effects to the fetus. a preclinical study on reproductive performance of rats given glycopyrrolate resulted in a decreased rate of conception and survival at weaning.

e blood-brain barrier, in contrast to atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide, which are highly non-polar tertiary amines which penetrate lipid barriers easily. for this reason, the occurrence of cns-related side effects is lower, in comparison to their incidence following administration of anticholinergics which are chemically tertiary amines that can cross this barrier readily. with intravenous injection, the onset of action is generally evident within one minute. following intramuscular administration, the onset of action is noted in 15 to 30 minutes, with peak effects occurring within approximately 30 to 45 minutes. the vagal blocking effects persist for 2 to 3 hours and the antisialagogue effects persist up to 7 hours, periods longer than for atropine. 12.3 pharmacokinetics the following pharmacokinetic information and conclusions were obtained from published studies that used nonspecific assay methods. distribution the mean volume of distribution of glycopyrrolate was estimated to be 0.42 ± 0.22 l/kg. elimination metabolism the in vivo metabolism of glycopyrrolate in humans has not been studied. excretion the mean clearance and mean t 1/2 values were reported to be 0.54 ± 0.14 l/kg/hr and 0.83 ± 0.27 hr, respectively post iv administration. after iv administration of a 0.2 mg radiolabeled glycopyrrolate, 85% of dose recovered was recovered in urine 48 hours postdose and some of the radioactivity was also recovered in bile. after im administration of glycopyrrolate to adults, the mean t 1/2 value is reported to be between 0.55 to 1.25 hrs. over 80% of im dose administered was recovered in urine and the bile as unchanged drug and half the im dose is excreted within 3 hrs. the following table summarizes the mean and standard deviation of pharmacokinetic parameters from a study. * 0 to 8 hr group t 1/2 (hr) v ss (l/kg) cl (l/kg/hr) t max (min) c max (mcg /l) auc (mcg/l ● hr) (6 mcg/kg iv) 0.83 ± 0.27 0.42 ± 0.22 0.54 ± 0.14 - - 8.64 ± 1.49* (8 mcg/kg im) - - - 27.48 ± 6.12 3.47 ± 1.48 6.64 ± 2.33* specific populations pediatric patients following iv administration (5 mcg/kg glycopyrrolate) to infants and children, the mean t 1/2 values were reported to be between 21.6 and 130.0 minutes and between 19.2 and 99.2 minutes, respectively. patients with renal impairment in one study glycopyrrolate was administered iv in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation. the mean elimination half-life was significantly longer (46.8 minutes) than in healthy patients (18.6 minutes). the mean area-under-the-concentration-time curve (10.6 hr- mcg /l), mean plasma clearance (0.43 l/hr/kg), and mean 3-hour urine excretion (0.7%) for glycopyrrolate were also significantly different than those of controls (3.73 hr-mcg/l, 1.14 l/hr/kg, and 50%, respectively). these results suggest that the elimination of glycopyrrolate is severely impaired in patients with renal failure.

eviation of pharmacokinetic parameters from a study. * 0 to 8 hr group t 1/2 (hr) v ss (l/kg) cl (l/kg/hr) t max (min) c max (mcg /l) auc (mcg/l ● hr) (6 mcg/kg iv) 0.83 ± 0.27 0.42 ± 0.22 0.54 ± 0.14 - - 8.64 ± 1.49* (8 mcg/kg im) - - - 27.48 ± 6.12 3.47 ± 1.48 6.64 ± 2.33* specific populations pediatric patients following iv administration (5 mcg/kg glycopyrrolate) to infants and children, the mean t 1/2 values were reported to be between 21.6 and 130.0 minutes and between 19.2 and 99.2 minutes, respectively. patients with renal impairment in one study glycopyrrolate was administered iv in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation. the mean elimination half-life was significantly longer (46.8 minutes) than in healthy patients (18.6 minutes). the mean area-under-the-concentration-time curve (10.6 hr- mcg /l), mean plasma clearance (0.43 l/hr/kg), and mean 3-hour urine excretion (0.7%) for glycopyrrolate were also significantly different than those of controls (3.73 hr-mcg/l, 1.14 l/hr/kg, and 50%, respectively). these results suggest that the elimination of glycopyrrolate is severely impaired in patients with renal failure.

ctions : inform patients that glycopyrrolate injection may interact with other drugs. advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other medication [see drug interactions ( 7 ) ]. for more information concerning this drug, please call fresenius kabi usa, llc at 1-800-551-7176. to report suspected adverse reactions, contact fresenius kabi usa, llc at 1-800-551-7176 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. u.s. patent 9,731,082 www.fresenius-kabi.com/us 451718c fresenius kabi logo