ould be considered when used concomitantly with armodafinil. effects of armodafinil on cyp2c19 substrates elimination of drugs that are substrates for cyp2c19 (e.g., phenytoin, diazepam, propranolol, omeprazole, and clomipramine) may be prolonged by armodafinil via inhibition of metabolic enzymes, with resultant higher systemic exposure. dose reduction of these drugs may be required when these drugs are used concomitantly with armodafinil. warfarin more frequent monitoring of prothrombin times/inr should be considered whenever armodafinil is coadministered with warfarin [see clinical pharmacology (12.3)]. monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors caution should be used when concomitantly administering mao inhibitors and armodafinil.

uch cases were observed among 380 pediatric patients who received placebo. skin and mouth sores, blistering, and ulceration have been reported with modafinil and armodafinil in the postmarketing setting. recurrence of signs and symptoms of serious dermatologic reactions following rechallenge has been reported in some cases. rare cases of serious or life-threatening rash, including sjs and toxic epidermal necrolysis (ten), have been reported in adults and children in worldwide post-marketing experience with modafinil and armodafinil. there are no factors, including duration of therapy, that are known to predict the risk of occurrence or the severity of rash associated with modafinil or armodafinil. in cases where the time to onset was reported, serious rash occurred 1 day to 2 months after initiation of treatment, but isolated cases of serious dermatologic reactions have been reported with symptoms beginning after prolonged treatment (e.g., 3 months). although benign rashes also occur with armodafinil, it is not possible to reliably predict which rashes will prove to be serious. accordingly, armodafinil should be discontinued at the first sign of rash, skin or mouth sores, or blistering or ulceration, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. discontinuation of treatment may not prevent a rash from becoming life-threatening or permanently disabling or disfiguring. 5.2 drug reaction with eosinophilia and system symptoms (dress)/multiorgan hypersensitivity dress, also known as multi-organ hypersensitivity, has been reported with armodafinil. dress typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis, sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. eosinophilia is often present. this disorder is variable in its expression, and other organ systems not noted here may be involved. it is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (e.g., fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. one fatal case of dress that occurred in close temporal association (3 weeks) with the initiation of armodafinil treatment has been reported in the postmarketing setting. in addition, multi-organ hypersensitivity reactions, including at least one fatality in post-marketing experience, have occurred in close temporal association (median time to detection 13 days; range 4 to 33) to the initiation of modafinil. although there have been a limited number of reports, multi-organ hypersensitivity reactions may result in hospitalization or be life-threatening. if a multi-organ hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, armodafinil should be discontinued. although there are no case reports to indicate cross-sensitivity with other drugs that produce this syndrome, the experience with drugs associated with multi-organ hypersensitivity would indicate this to be a possibility. 5.3 angioedema and anaphylaxis reactions angioedema and hypersensitivity (with rash, dysphagia, and bronchospasm), were observed with armodafinil. patients should be advised to discontinue therapy and immediately report to their physician any signs or symptoms suggesting angioedema or anaphylaxis (e.g., swelling of face, eyes, lips, tongue or larynx; difficulty in swallowing or breathing; hoarseness). 5.4 persistent sleepiness patients with abnormal levels of sleepiness who take armodafinil should be advised that their level of wakefulness may not return to normal. patients with excessive sleepiness, including those taking armodafinil, should be frequently reassessed for their degree of sleepiness and, if appropriate, advised to avoid driving or any other potentially dangerous activity. prescribers should also be aware that patients may not acknowledge sleepiness or drowsiness until directly questioned about drowsiness or sleepiness during specific activities. 5.5 psychiatric symptoms in pre-approval narcolepsy, osa and swd controlled trials of armodafinil, anxiety, agitation, nervousness, and irritability were reasons for treatment discontinuation more often in patients on armodafinil compared to placebo (armodafinil 1.2% and placebo 0.3%). depression was also a reason for treatment discontinuation more often in patients on armodafinil compared to placebo (armodafinil 0.6% and placebo 0.2%). cases of suicidal ideation were observed in clinical trials. caution should be exercised when armodafinil is given to patients with a history of psychosis, depression, or mania. if psychiatric symptoms develop in association with armodafinil administration, consider discontinuing armodafinil. psychiatric adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with modafinil. modafinil and armodafinil are very closely related. therefore, the incidence and type of psychiatric symptoms associated with armodafinil are expected to be similar to the incidence and type of these events with modafinil. post-marketing adverse reactions associated with the use of armodafinil, some of which have resulted in hospitalization, have included mania, delusions, hallucinations, suicidal ideation, and aggression. many, but not all, patients who developed psychiatric adverse reactions had a prior psychiatric history. in these cases, reported armodafinil total daily doses ranged from 50 mg to 450 mg, which includes doses below and above the recommended dosages. 5.6 effects on ability to drive and use machinery although armodafinil has not been shown to produce functional impairment, any drug affecting the central nervous system (cns) may alter judgment, thinking or motor skills. patients should be cautioned about operating an automobile or other hazardous machinery until it is reasonably certain that armodafinil therapy will not adversely affect their ability to engage in such activities. 5.7 cardiovascular events in clinical studies of modafinil, cardiovascular adverse reactions, including chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea and transient ischemic t-wave changes on ecg were observed in three subjects in association with mitral valve prolapse or left ventricular hypertrophy. it is recommended that armodafinil tablets not be used in patients with a history of left ventricular hypertrophy or in patients with mitral valve prolapse who have experienced the mitral valve prolapse syndrome when previously receiving cns stimulants. findings suggestive of mitral valve prolapse syndrome include but are not limited to ischemic ecg changes, chest pain, or arrhythmia. if new onset of any of these findings occurs, consider cardiac evaluation. blood pressure monitoring in short term (≤ 3 months) pre-approval controlled trials of osa, swd, and narcolepsy showed small average increases in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients receiving armodafinil as compared to placebo (1.2 to 4.3 mmhg in the various experimental groups). there was also a slightly greater proportion of patients on armodafinil requiring new or increased use of antihypertensive medications (2.9%) compared to patients on placebo (1.8%). there was a small, but consistent, average increase in pulse rate over placebo in pre-approval controlled trials. this increase varied from 0.9 to 3.5 bpm. increased monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure may be appropriate in patients on armodafinil. caution should be exercised when prescribing armodafinil to patients with known cardiovascular disease.

hould be given to the use of lower doses and close monitoring in geriatric patients [see use in specific populations (8.5)].

ss associated with osa, swd, and narcolepsy. most common adverse reactions in the placebo-controlled clinical trials, the most common adverse reactions (≥ 5%) associated with the use of armodafinil more frequently than in placebo-treated patients were headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. the adverse reaction profile was similar across the studies. table 1 presents the adverse reactions that occurred at a rate of 1% or more and were more frequent in armodafinil-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients in the placebo-controlled clinical trials. table 1: adverse reactions in pooled placebo-controlled clinical trials* in osa, narcolepsy, and swd with armodafinil (150 mg and 250 mg) * adverse reactions that occurred in ≥ 1% of armodafinil-treated patients and greater incidence than that of placebo. armodafinil (%) n=645 placebo (%) n=445 headache 17 9 nausea 7 3 dizziness 5 2 insomnia 5 1 anxiety 4 1 diarrhea 4 2 dry mouth 4 1 depression 2 0 dyspepsia 2 0 fatigue 2 1 palpitations 2 1 rash 2 0 upper abdominal pain 2 1 agitation 1 0 anorexia 1 0 constipation 1 0 contact dermatitis 1 0 decreased appetite 1 0 depressed mood 1 0 disturbance in attention 1 0 dyspnea 1 0 hyperhydrosis 1 0 increased gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 0 increased heart rate 1 0 influenza-like illness 1 0 loose stools 1 0 migraine 1 0 nervousness 1 0 pain 1 0 paresthesia 1 0 polyuria 1 0 pyrexia 1 0 seasonal allergy 1 0 thirst 1 0 tremor 1 0 vomiting 1 0 dose-dependent adverse reactions in the placebo-controlled clinical trials which compared doses of 150 mg/day and 250 mg/day of armodafinil and placebo, the following adverse reactions were dose-related: headache, rash, depression, dry mouth, insomnia, and nausea. see table 2 for additional information. table 2: dose-dependent adverse reactions in pooled placebo-controlled clinical trials in osa, narcolepsy and swd armodafinil 250 mg (%) n=198 armodafinil 150 mg (%) n=447 armodafinil combined (%) n=645 placebo (%) n=445 headache 23 14 17 9 nausea 9 6 7 3 insomnia 6 4 5 1 dry mouth 7 2 4 <1 rash 4 1 2 <1 depression 3 1 2 <1 adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation of treatment in placebo-controlled clinical trials, 44 of the 645 patients (7%) who received armodafinil discontinued due to an adverse reaction compared to 16 of the 445 (4%) of patients that received placebo. the most frequent reason for discontinuation was headache (1%). laboratory abnormalities clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis parameters were monitored in the studies. mean plasma levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (ggt) and alkaline phosphatase (ap) were found to be higher following administration of armodafinil, but not placebo. few patients, however, had ggt or ap elevations outside of the normal range. no differences were apparent in alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), total protein, albumin, or total bilirubin, although there were rare cases of isolated elevations of ast and/or alt. a single case of mild pancytopenia was observed after 35 days of treatment and resolved with drug discontinuation. a small mean decrease from baseline in serum uric acid compared to placebo was seen in clinical trials. the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. 6.2 postmarketing experience the following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of armodafinil. because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. gastrointestinal disorders: mouth sores (including mouth blistering and ulceration)

ould be considered when used concomitantly with armodafinil. effects of armodafinil on cyp2c19 substrates elimination of drugs that are substrates for cyp2c19 (e.g., phenytoin, diazepam, propranolol, omeprazole, and clomipramine) may be prolonged by armodafinil via inhibition of metabolic enzymes, with resultant higher systemic exposure. dose reduction of these drugs may be required when these drugs are used concomitantly with armodafinil. warfarin more frequent monitoring of prothrombin times/inr should be considered whenever armodafinil is coadministered with warfarin [see clinical pharmacology (12.3)]. monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors caution should be used when concomitantly administering mao inhibitors and armodafinil.

of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. data animal data oral administration of armodafinil (60, 200, or 600 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis resulted in decreased fetal body weight and increased incidences of fetal variations indicative of growth delay at the highest dose, which was also maternally toxic. the highest no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rat (200 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma armodafinil exposure (auc) less than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (mrhd) of armodafinil (250 mg/day). modafinil (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) administered orally to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis produced an increase in resorptions and an increased incidence of fetal variations at the highest dose tested. the higher no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity (100 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma armodafinil auc less than that in humans at the mrhd of armodafinil. however, in a subsequent rat study of up to 480 mg/kg/day of modafinil, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were observed. in a study in which modafinil (45, 90, or 180 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis, embryofetal death was increased at the highest dose. the highest no-effect dose for developmental toxicity (100 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma armodafinil auc less than that in humans at the mrhd of armodafinil. modafinil administration to rats throughout gestation and lactation at oral doses of up to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in decreased viability in the offspring at doses greater than 20 mg/kg/day, a dose resulting in a plasma armodafinil auc less than that in humans at the mrhd of armodafinil. no effects on postnatal developmental and neurobehavioral parameters were observed in surviving offspring. 8.2 lactation risk summary there are no data on the presence of armodafinil or its metabolites in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effect of this drug on milk production. modafinil was present in rat milk when animals were dosed during the lactation period. the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for armodafinil and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from armodafinil or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.3 females and males of reproductive potential the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced when used with armodafinil and for one month after discontinuation of therapy. advise women who are using a hormonal method of contraception to use an additional barrier method or an alternative non-hormonal method of contraception during treatment with armodafinil and for one month after discontinuation of armodafinil treatment [see drug interactions (7) and clinical pharmacology (12.3)]. 8.4 pediatric use safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. serious rash has been seen in pediatric patients receiving modafinil [see warnings and precautions (5.1)]. 8.5 geriatric use in elderly patients, elimination of armodafinil and its metabolites may be reduced as a consequence of aging. therefore, consideration should be given to the use of lower doses and close monitoring in this population [see dosage and administration (2.4) and clinical pharmacology (12.3)]. 8.6 hepatic impairment the dosage of armodafinil should be reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see dosage and administration (2.3) and clinical pharmacology (12.3)].

odafinil, this activity has been associated in vivo with increased extracellular dopamine levels in some brain regions of animals. in genetically engineered mice lacking the dopamine transporter (dat), modafinil lacked wake-promoting activity, suggesting that this activity was dat-dependent. however, the wake-promoting effects of modafinil, unlike those of amphetamine, were not antagonized by the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol in rats. in addition, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a dopamine synthesis inhibitor, blocks the action of amphetamine, but does not block locomotor activity induced by modafinil. in addition to its wake-promoting effects and ability to increase locomotor activity in animals, modafinil produces psychoactive and euphoric effects, alterations in mood, perception, thinking, and feelings typical of other cns stimulants in humans. modafinil has reinforcing properties, as evidenced by its self-administration in monkeys previously trained to self-administer cocaine; modafinil was also partially discriminated as stimulant-like. based on nonclinical studies, two major metabolites, acid and sulfone, of modafinil or armodafinil, do not appear to contribute to the cns-activating properties of the parent compounds. 12.3 pharmacokinetics armodafinil exhibits linear time-independent kinetics following single and multiple oral dose administration. increase in systemic exposure is proportional over the dose range of 50 to 400 mg. no time-dependent change in kinetics was observed through 12 weeks of dosing. apparent steady state for armodafinil was reached within 7 days of dosing. at steady state, the systemic exposure for armodafinil is 1.8 times the exposure observed after a single dose. the concentration-time profiles of the r-enantiomer following administration of a single-dose of 50 mg armodafinil or 100 mg modafinil (a 1:1 mixture of r- and s-enantiomers) are nearly superimposable. however, the cmax and auc0-∞, of armodafinil at steady-state were approximately 37% and 70% higher, respectively, following administration of 200 mg armodafinil than the corresponding values of modafinil following administration of 200 mg modafinil due to the more rapid clearance of the s-enantiomer (elimination half-life approximately 4 hours) as compared to the r-enantiomer. absorption armodafinil is readily absorbed after oral administration. the absolute oral bioavailability was not determined due to the aqueous insolubility of armodafinil, which precluded intravenous administration. peak plasma concentrations are attained at approximately 2 hours in the fasted state. food effect on the overall bioavailability of armodafinil is considered minimal; however, time to reach peak concentration (tmax) may be delayed by approximately 2 to 4 hours in the fed state. since the delay in tmax is also associated with elevated plasma concentrations later in time, food can potentially affect the onset and time course of pharmacologic action for armodafinil. distribution armodafinil has an apparent volume of distribution of approximately 42 l. data specific to armodafinil protein binding are not available. however, modafinil is moderately bound to plasma protein (approximately 60%), mainly to albumin. the potential for interactions of armodafinil with highly protein-bound drugs is considered to be minimal. elimination after oral administration of armodafinil, armodafinil exhibits an apparent monoexponential decline from the peak plasma concentration. the apparent terminal t½ is approximately 15 hours. the oral clearance of armodafinil is approximately 33 ml/min. metabolism in vitro and in vivo data show that armodafinil undergoes hydrolytic deamidation, s-oxidation, and aromatic ring hydroxylation, with subsequent glucuronide conjugation of the hydroxylated products. amide hydrolysis is the single most prominent metabolic pathway, with sulfone formation by cytochrome p450 (cyp) 3a4/5 being next in importance. the other oxidative products are formed too slowly in vitro to enable identification of the enzyme(s) responsible. only two metabolites reach appreciable concentrations in plasma (i.e., r-modafinil acid and modafinil sulfone). excretion data specific to armodafinil disposition are not available. however, modafinil is mainly eliminated via metabolism, predominantly in the liver, with less than 10% of the parent compound excreted in the urine. a total of 81% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in 11 days post-dose, predominantly in the urine (80% vs. 1.0% in the feces). specific populations age in a clinical study, systemic exposure of armodafinil was approximately 15% higher in elderly subjects (≥65 years of age, n=24), corresponding to approximately 12% lower oral clearance (cl/f), as compared to young subjects (18 to 45 years of age, n=25). systemic exposure of armodafinil acid (metabolite) was approximately 61% and 73% greater for cmax and auc0-τ, respectively, compared to young subjects. systemic exposure of the sulfone metabolite was approximately 20% lower for elderly subjects compared with young subjects. a subgroup analysis of elderly subjects demonstrated elderly subjects ≥75 and 65 to 74 years of age had approximately 21% and 9% lower oral clearance, respectively, compared to young subjects. systemic exposure was approximately 10% greater in subjects 65 to 74 years of age (n=17) and 27% greater in subjects ≥75 years of age (n=7), respectively, when compared to young subjects. the change is considered not likely to be clinically significant for elderly patients, however, because some elderly patients have greater exposure to armodafinil, consideration should be given to the use of lower doses. sex population pharmacokinetic analysis suggests no gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of armodafinil. ethnicity the influence of race/ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of armodafinil has not been studied. hepatic impairment the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of modafinil were examined in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (6 men and 3 women). three patients had stage b or b+ cirrhosis and 6 patients had stage c or c+ cirrhosis (per the child-pugh score criteria). clinically 8 of 9 patients were icteric and all had ascites. in these patients, the oral clearance of modafinil was decreased by about 60% and the steady state concentration was doubled compared to normal patients [see dosage and administration (2.3) and use in specific populations (8.6)]. renal impairment in a single dose 200 mg modafinil study, severe chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance ≤20 ml/min) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of modafinil, but exposure to modafinil acid (metabolite) was increased 9-fold. drug interactions in vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil weakly induces cyp1a2 and possibly cyp3a activities in a concentration-related manner and that cyp2c19 activity is reversibly inhibited by armodafinil. other cyp activities did not appear to be affected by armodafinil. an in vitro study demonstrated that armodafinil is a substrate of p-glycoprotein. potential interactions with drugs that inhibit, induce, or are metabolized by cytochrome p450 isoenzymes and other hepatic enzymes the existence of multiple pathways for armodafinil metabolism, as well as the fact that a non-cyp-related pathway is the most rapid in metabolizing armodafinil, suggest that there is a low probability of substantive effects on the overall pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil due to cyp inhibition by concomitant medications. however, due to the partial involvement of cyp3a enzymes in the metabolic elimination of armodafinil, coadministration of potent inducers of cyp3a4/5 (e.g., carbamazepine, phenobarbital, rifampin) or inhibitors of cyp3a4/5 (e.g., ketoconazole, erythromycin) could alter the plasma concentrations of armodafinil. the potential of armodafinil to alter the metabolism of other drugs by enzyme induction or inhibition drugs metabolized by cyp3a4/5 in vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil is a weak inducer of cyp3a activity in a concentration-related manner. in a clinical study, concomitant administration of armodafinil 250 mg resulted in a reduction in systemic exposure to midazolam by 32% after a single oral dose (5 mg) and 17% after a single intravenous dose (2 mg). therefore, the blood levels and effectiveness of drugs that are substrates for cyp3a enzymes (e.g., steroidal contraceptives, cyclosporine, midazolam, and triazolam) may be reduced after initiation of concomitant treatment with armodafinil [see drug interactions (7)]. in a separate clinical study, concomitant administration of armodafinil 250 mg with quetiapine (300 mg to 600 mg daily doses) resulted in a reduction in the mean systemic exposure of quetiapine by approximately 29%. no dose adjustment is required. drugs metabolized by cyp1a2 in vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil is a weak inducer of cyp1a2 in a concentration-related manner. however, in a clinical study using caffeine as a probe substrate, no significant effect on cyp1a2 activity was observed. drugs metabolized by cyp2c19 in vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil is a reversible inhibitor of cyp2c19 activity. in a clinical study, concomitant administration of armodafinil 400 mg resulted in a 40% increase in exposure to omeprazole after a single oral dose (40 mg), as a result of moderate inhibition of cyp2c19 activity [see drug interactions (7)]. interactions with cns active drugs concomitant administration of armodafinil with quetiapine reduced the systemic exposure of quetiapine. data specific to armodafinil drug-drug interaction potential with other cns active drugs are not available. however, the following available drug-drug interaction information on modafinil should be applicable to armodafinil. concomitant administration of modafinil with methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine produced no significant alterations on the pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil or either stimulant, even though the absorption of modafinil was delayed for approximately one hour. concomitant modafinil or clomipramine did not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug; however, one incident of increased levels of clomipramine and its active metabolite desmethylclomipramine was reported in a patient with narcolepsy during treatment with modafinil. data specific to armodafinil or modafinil drug-drug interaction potential with monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors are not available [see drug interactions (7)]. interaction with p-glycoprotein an in vitro study demonstrated that armodafinil is a substrate of p-glycoprotein. the impact of inhibition of p-glycoprotein is not known. interactions with other drugs data specific to armodafinil drug-drug interaction potential for additional other drugs are not available. however, the following available drug-drug interaction information on modafinil should be applicable to armodafinil. warfarin: concomitant administration of modafinil with warfarin did not produce significant changes in the pharmacokinetic profiles of r- and s-warfarin. however, since only a single dose of warfarin was tested in this study, an interaction cannot be ruled out [see drug interactions (7)].

bone marrow micronucleus) assays. impairment of fertility a fertility and early embryonic development (to implantation) study was not conducted with armodafinil alone. oral administration of modafinil (doses of up to 480 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to and throughout mating, and continuing in females through day 7 of gestation produced an increase in the time to mate at the highest dose; no effects were observed on other fertility or reproductive parameters. the no-effect dose of 240 mg/kg/day was associated with a plasma armodafinil auc less than that in humans at the mrhd of armodafinil.

rated by a score ≥ 10 on the epworth sleepiness scale (ess), despite treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (cpap). evidence that cpap was effective in reducing episodes of apnea/hypopnea was required along with documentation of cpap use. patients were required to be compliant with cpap, defined as cpap use ≥ 4 hours/night on ≥ 70% of nights. cpap use continued throughout the study. in both studies, the primary measures of effectiveness were 1) sleep latency, as assessed by the maintenance of wakefulness test (mwt) and 2) the change in the patient’s overall disease status, as measured by the clinical global impression of change (cgi-c) at the final visit. for a successful trial both measures had to show statistically significant improvement. the mwt measures latency (in minutes) to sleep onset. an extended mwt was performed with test sessions at 2 hour intervals between 9 am and 7 pm. the primary analysis was the average of the sleep latencies from the first four test sessions (9 am to 3 pm). for each test session, the subject was asked to attempt to remain awake without using extraordinary measures. each test session was terminated after 30 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after sleep onset. the cgi-c is a 7-point scale, centered at no change, and ranging from very much worse to very much improved. evaluators were not given any specific guidance about the criteria they were to apply when rating patients. in the first study, a total of 395 patients with osa were randomized to receive armodafinil 150 mg/day, armodafinil 250 mg/day or matching placebo. patients treated with armodafinil showed a statistically significant improvement in the ability to remain awake compared to placebo-treated patients as measured by the mwt at final visit. a statistically significant greater number of patients treated with armodafinil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the cgi-c scale at final visit. the average sleep latencies (in minutes) in the mwt at baseline for the trials are shown in table 3 below, along with the average change from baseline on the mwt at final visit. the percentages of patients who showed any degree of improvement on the cgi-c in the clinical trials are shown in table 4 below. the two doses of armodafinil produced statistically significant effects of similar magnitudes on the mwt, and also on the cgi-c. in the second study, 263 patients with osa were randomized to either armodafinil 150 mg/day or placebo. patients treated with armodafinil showed a statistically significant improvement in the ability to remain awake compared to placebo-treated patients as measured by the mwt (table 3). a statistically significant greater number of patients treated with armodafinil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the cgi-c scale (table 4). nighttime sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of armodafinil in either study. 14.2 narcolepsy the effectiveness of armodafinil in improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy was established in one 12-week, multi-center, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind study of outpatients who met the criteria for narcolepsy. a total of 196 patients were randomized to receive armodafinil 150 or 250 mg/day, or matching placebo. the criteria for narcolepsy include either: 1) recurrent daytime naps or lapses into sleep that occur almost daily for at least three months, plus sudden bilateral loss of postural muscle tone in association with intense emotion (cataplexy); or 2) a complaint of excessive sleepiness or sudden muscle weakness with associated features: sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, automatic behaviors, disrupted major sleep episode; and polysomnography demonstrating one of the following: sleep latency less than 10 minutes or rapid eye movement (rem) sleep latency less than 20 minutes and a multiple sleep latency test (mslt) that demonstrates a mean sleep latency of less than 5 minutes and two or more sleep onset rem periods and no medical or mental disorder accounts for the symptoms. for entry into these studies, all patients were required to have objectively documented excessive daytime sleepiness, via mslt with a sleep latency of 6 minutes or less and the absence of any other clinically significant active medical or psychiatric disorder. the mslt, an objective polysomnographic assessment of the patient’s ability to fall asleep in an unstimulating environment, measured latency (in minutes) to sleep onset averaged over 4 test sessions at 2-hour intervals. for each test session, the subject was told to lie quietly and attempt to sleep. each test session was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after sleep onset. the primary measures of effectiveness were: 1) sleep latency as assessed by the maintenance of wakefulness test (mwt); and 2) the change in the patient’s overall disease status, as measured by the cgi-c at the final visit [see clinical studies (14.1) for a description of these measures]. each mwt test session was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after sleep onset in this study. patients treated with armodafinil showed a statistically significantly enhanced ability to remain awake on the mwt at each dose compared to placebo at final visit [table 3]. a statistically significant greater number of patients treated with armodafinil at each dose showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the cgi-c scale at final visit [table 4]. the two doses of armodafinil produced statistically significant effects of similar magnitudes on the cgi-c. although a statistically significant effect on the mwt was observed for each dose, the magnitude of effect was observed to be greater for the higher dose. nighttime sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of armodafinil. 14.3 shift work disorder (swd) the effectiveness of armodafinil in improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with swd was demonstrated in a 12-week, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. a total of 254 patients with chronic swd were randomized to receive armodafinil 150 mg/day or placebo. all patients met the criteria for chronic swd. the criteria include: 1) either, a) a primary complaint of excessive sleepiness or insomnia which is temporally associated with a work period (usually night work) that occurs during the habitual sleep phase, or b) polysomnography and the mslt demonstrate loss of a normal sleep-wake pattern (i.e., disturbed chronobiological rhythmicity); and 2) no other medical or mental disorder accounts for the symptoms; and 3) the symptoms do not meet criteria for any other sleep disorder producing insomnia or excessive sleepiness (e.g., time zone change [jet lag] syndrome). it should be noted that not all patients with a complaint of sleepiness who are also engaged in shift work meet the criteria for the diagnosis of swd. in the clinical trial, only patients who were symptomatic for at least 3 months were enrolled. enrolled patients were also required to work a minimum of 5 night shifts per month, have excessive sleepiness at the time of their night shifts (mslt score ≤ 6 minutes), and have daytime insomnia documented by a daytime polysomnogram. the primary measures of effectiveness were: 1) sleep latency, as assessed by the multiple sleep latency test (mslt) performed during a simulated night shift at the final visit; and 2) the change in the patient’s overall disease status, as measured by the cgi-c at the final visit [see clinical studies (14.1) for a description of these measures]. patients treated with armodafinil showed a statistically significant prolongation in the time to sleep onset compared to placebo-treated patients, as measured by the nighttime mslt at final visit (table 3). a statistically significant greater number of patients treated with armodafinil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the cgi-c scale at final visit (table 4). daytime sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of armodafinil. table 3: average baseline sleep latency and change from baseline at final visit (mwt and mslt in minutes) *significantly different than placebo for all trials (p<0.05) disorder measure armodafinil 150 mg* armodafinil 250 mg* placebo baseline change from baseline baseline change from baseline baseline change from baseline osa i mwt 21.5 1.7 23.3 2.2 23.2 -1.7 osa ii mwt 23.7 2.3 - - 23.3 -1.3 narcolepsy mwt 12.1 1.3 9.5 2.6 12.5 -1.9 swd mslt 2.3 3.1 - - 2.4 0.4 table 4: clinical global impression of change (cgi-c) (percent of patients who improved at final visit) *significantly different than placebo for all trials (p<0.05) disorder armodafinil 150 mg* armodafinil 250 mg* placebo osa i 71% 74% 37% osa ii 71% - 53% narcolepsy 69% 73% 33% swd 79% - 59%