Product Elements:
Galafold migalastat hydrochloride shellac migalastat hydrochloride migalastat magnesium stearate starch, corn gelatin fd&c blue no. 2 titanium dioxide ferrosoferric oxide potassium hydroxide opaque blue opaque white a1001
Indications and Usage:
1 indications and usage galafold is indicated for the treatment of adults with a confirmed diagnosis of fabry disease and an amenable galactosidase alpha gene ( gla ) variant based on in vitro assay data [see dosage and administration ( 2.1 ) and clinical pharmacology ( 12.1 )] . this indication is approved under accelerated approval based on reduction in kidney interstitial capillary cell globotriaosylceramide (kic gl-3) substrate [see clinical studies ( 14 )] . continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. galafold is an alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-gal a) pharmacological chaperone indicated for the treatment of adults with a confirmed diagnosis of fabry disease and an amenable galactosidase alpha gene ( gla ) variant based on in vitro assay data. ( 1 , 12.1 ) this indication is approved under accelerated approval based on reduction in kidney interstitial capillary cell globotriaosylceramide (kic
Read more... gl-3) substrate. continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. ( 1 )
Dosage and Administration:
2 dosage and administration select adults with confirmed fabry disease who have an amenable gla variant for treatment with galafold. ( 2.1 ) treatment is indicated for patients with an amenable gla variant that is interpreted by a clinical genetics professional as causing fabry disease (pathogenic, likely pathogenic) in the clinical context of the patient. consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in cases where the amenable gla variant is of uncertain clinical significance (vus, variant of uncertain significance) or may be benign (not causing fabry disease). ( 2.1 , 12.1 ) the recommended dosage regimen of galafold is 123 mg orally once every other day at the same time of day. do not take galafold on 2 consecutive days. swallow capsules whole; do not cut, crush, or chew the capsules. ( 2.2 ) take on an empty stomach. do not consume food or caffeine at least 2 hours before and 2 hours after taking galafold to give a minimum 4 hours fast. ( 2.2 ) if a do
Read more...se is missed entirely for the day, take the missed dose only if it is within 12 hours of the normal time that the dose should have been taken. if more than 12 hours have passed, resume taking galafold at the next planned dosing day and time and according to the every-other-day dosing schedule. ( 2.3 ) 2.1 patient selection select adults with confirmed fabry disease who have an amenable gla variant for treatment with galafold [see table 2 in clinical pharmacology ( 12.1 )] . treatment is indicated for patients with an amenable gla variant that is interpreted by a clinical genetics professional as causing fabry disease (pathogenic, likely pathogenic) in the clinical context of the patient. consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in cases where the amenable gla variant is of uncertain clinical significance (vus, variant of uncertain significance) or may be benign (not causing fabry disease). 2.2 recommended dosage and administration the recommended dosage regimen of galafold is 123 mg orally once every other day at the same time of day (do not take galafold on 2 consecutive days). swallow capsules whole: do not cut, crush, or chew the capsules. take galafold on an empty stomach. do not consume food or caffeine at least 2 hours before and 2 hours after taking galafold to give a minimum 4 hours fast [see clinical pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . water (plain, flavored, sweetened), fruit juices without pulp, and caffeine-free carbonated beverages can be consumed during the 4-hour fasting period. 2.3 recommendations for a missed dose if a dose is missed entirely for the day, take the missed dose of galafold only if it is within 12 hours of the normal time that the dose should have been taken. if more than 12 hours have passed, resume taking galafold at the next planned dosing day and time, according to the every-other-day dosing schedule.
Dosage Forms and Strength:
3 dosage forms and strengths capsules: 123 mg of migalastat in a size â2â capsule with an opaque blue cap and opaque white body with âa1001â printed in black, containing white to pale brown powder. capsules: 123 mg migalastat. ( 3 )
Contraindications:
4 contraindications none. none. ( 4 )
Adverse Reactions:
6 adverse reactions most common adverse drug reactions ⥠10% are: headache, nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, nausea, and pyrexia. ( 6.1 ) to report suspected adverse reactions, contact amicus therapeutics at 1-877-4amicus or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 clinical trials experience because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. in clinical trials, 139 patients with fabry disease (79 females, 60 males, 92% caucasian, ages 16 to 72 years), who were naïve to galafold or previously treated with enzyme replacement therapy, were exposed to at least one dose of galafold. of the 139 patients, 127 patients were exposed to galafold 123 mg every other day for 6 months and 123 patients were exposed for greater than one year. the clinical trials inc
Read more...luded one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 6 months duration followed by a 6-month open-label treatment phase (study 1) [see clinical studies ( 14 )] . a second trial was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled clinical trial of 18 months duration in patients with fabry disease receiving enzyme replacement therapy who were randomized to either switch to galafold or continue enzyme replacement therapy (study 2; nct01218659). in addition, there were two open-label, long-term extension trials. the most common adverse reactions reported with galafold (⥠10%) during the 6-month placebo-controlled, double-blind phase of study 1 were headache, nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, nausea, and pyrexia. table 1 shows adverse reactions reported in at least 5% of patients treated with galafold (and at a higher rate than placebo) during the 6-month placebo-controlled, double-blind phase of study 1. table 1: adverse reactions* reported during the first 6 months of treatment in patients with fabry disease in study 1 * reported in at least 5% of patients treated with galafold and at a higher rate than placebo ** included urinary tract infection, cystitis, and kidney infection adverse reaction galafold % (n = 34) placebo % (n = 33) headache 35% 21% nasopharyngitis 18% 6% urinary tract infection** 15% 0 nausea 12% 6% pyrexia 12% 3% abdominal pain 9% 3% back pain 9% 0 cough 9% 0 diarrhea 9% 3% epistaxis 9% 3% adverse reactions reported in > 5% of patients who received galafold in the 6-month open-label treatment phase of study 1, in study 2, and in the long-term extension trials (n = 115, mean duration of treatment 2.7 years) included those reported in table 1 with the addition of vomiting.
Adverse Reactions Table:
| Table 1: Adverse Reactions* Reported During the First 6 Months of Treatment in Patients with Fabry Disease in Study 1 |
|---|
| * Reported in at least 5% of patients treated with GALAFOLD and at a higher rate than placebo** Included urinary tract infection, cystitis, and kidney infection |
| Adverse Reaction | GALAFOLD % (N = 34) | Placebo % (N = 33) |
| Headache | 35% | 21% |
| Nasopharyngitis | 18% | 6% |
| Urinary tract infection** | 15% | 0 |
| Nausea | 12% | 6% |
| Pyrexia | 12% | 3% |
| Abdominal pain | 9% | 3% |
| Back pain | 9% | 0 |
| Cough | 9% | 0 |
| Diarrhea | 9% | 3% |
| Epistaxis | 9% | 3% |
Use in Specific Population:
8 use in specific populations 8.1 pregnancy pregnancy exposure study there is a study that collects data on pregnant women with fabry disease, either exposed or unexposed to galafold. healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients or obtain additional information by contacting the pregnancy coordinating center at 1-888-239-0758, email fabrypregnancy@ubc.com, or visit www.fabrypregnancyregistry.com. risk summary there were three pregnant women with fabry disease exposed to galafold in clinical trials. as such, the available data are not sufficient to assess drug associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. in animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed (see data ) . the estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. all pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the
Read more...background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. data animal data no adverse developmental effects were observed with oral administration of migalastat to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 26 and 54 times, respectively, the recommended dose based on auc. no effects on post-natal development were observed following oral administration of up to 500 mg/kg migalastat twice daily to pregnant rats (16 times the recommended dose based on auc) during organogenesis and through lactation. 8.2 lactation risk summary there are no human data available on the presence of migalastat in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. migalastat is present in the milk of lactating rats (see data ). when a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the motherâs clinical need for galafold and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from galafold or from the underlying maternal condition. there is a study that collects data on effects of galafold on lactation for women with fabry disease and their neonates and infants up to 1 year of age who are exposed through breast milk. healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients or obtain additional information by contacting the pregnancy coordinating center at 1-888-239-0758, email fabrypregnancy@ubc.com, or visit www.fabrypregnancyregistry.com. data animal data migalastat concentrations in milk from rats following oral administration of up to 500 mg/kg twice daily (approximately 16 times the recommended human dose based on auc) was approximately 2.5 times higher than levels in the rat maternal plasma at 4 hours post-dose. the concentration of migalastat in plasma from pups was approximately 11 times lower than the maternal plasma concentrations at 1-hour post-dose. 8.3 females and males of reproductive potential infertility the effects of galafold on fertility in humans have not been studied. transient and fully reversible infertility in male rats was associated with migalastat treatment at a systemic exposure (auc) equivalent to the human exposure at the recommended dose. complete reversibility was seen at 4 weeks after the termination of treatment. migalastat did not affect fertility in female rats [see nonclinical toxicology ( 13.1 )] . 8.4 pediatric use the safety and effectiveness of galafold have not been established in pediatric patients. 8.5 geriatric use clinical trials of galafold did not include a sufficient number of patients 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. 8.6 renal impairment migalastat is substantially excreted by the kidneys. systemic exposure was significantly increased in subjects with severe renal impairment (egfr less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). galafold has not been studied in patients with fabry disease who have an egfr less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . galafold is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. no dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (egfr at least 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and above) [see clinical pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
Use in Pregnancy:
8.1 pregnancy pregnancy exposure study there is a study that collects data on pregnant women with fabry disease, either exposed or unexposed to galafold. healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients or obtain additional information by contacting the pregnancy coordinating center at 1-888-239-0758, email fabrypregnancy@ubc.com, or visit www.fabrypregnancyregistry.com. risk summary there were three pregnant women with fabry disease exposed to galafold in clinical trials. as such, the available data are not sufficient to assess drug associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. in animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed (see data ) . the estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. all pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the background risk of major birth
Read more... defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. data animal data no adverse developmental effects were observed with oral administration of migalastat to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 26 and 54 times, respectively, the recommended dose based on auc. no effects on post-natal development were observed following oral administration of up to 500 mg/kg migalastat twice daily to pregnant rats (16 times the recommended dose based on auc) during organogenesis and through lactation.
Pediatric Use:
8.4 pediatric use the safety and effectiveness of galafold have not been established in pediatric patients.
Geriatric Use:
8.5 geriatric use clinical trials of galafold did not include a sufficient number of patients 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients.
Description:
11 description migalastat, an alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-gal a) pharmacological chaperone, is a low molecular weight iminosugar and an analogue of the terminal galactose of globotriaosylceramide (gl-3). migalastat is present in the form of a hydrochloride salt in galafold. the chemical name for migalastat hydrochloride is (+)-(2 r ,3 s ,4 r ,5 s )-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol hydrochloride. its molecular formula is c 6 h 13 no 4 â¢hcl, molecular mass is 199.63 g/mol, and its chemical structure is depicted below. migalastat hydrochloride is a white to almost white crystalline solid. it is freely soluble in aqueous media within the ph range of 1.2 to 7.5. galafold (migalastat) capsules for oral administration contain 123 mg of migalastat (equivalent to 150 mg migalastat hydrochloride) as a white to pale brown powder and are supplied in a size â2â hard gelatin capsule with an opaque blue cap and an opaque white body imprinted with âa1001â in black ink. the inactive ingredients are magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch. capsule shells consist of gelatin, indigotine - fd&c blue 2, and titanium dioxide. the black ink consists of black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, and shellac. chemical structure
Clinical Pharmacology:
12 clinical pharmacology 12.1 mechanism of action migalastat is a pharmacological chaperone that reversibly binds to the active site of the alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-gal a) protein (encoded by the galactosidase alpha gene, gla ), which is deficient in fabry disease. this binding stabilizes alpha-gal a allowing its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum into the lysosome where it exerts its action. in the lysosome, at a lower ph and at a higher concentration of relevant substrates, migalastat dissociates from alpha-gal a allowing it to break down the glycosphingolipids globotriaosylceramide (gl-3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-gb 3 ). certain gla variants (mutations) causing fabry disease result in the production of abnormally folded and less stable forms of the alpha-gal a protein which, however, retain enzymatic activity. those gla variants, referred to as amenable variants, produce alpha-gal a proteins that may be stabilized by migalastat thereby restoring their trafficki
Read more...ng to lysosomes and their intralysosomal activity. in vitro amenability assay in an in vitro assay (hek-293 assay), human embryonic kidney (hek-293) cell lines were transfected with specific gla variants (mutations) which produced mutant alpha-gal a proteins. in the transfected cells, amenability of the gla variants was assessed after a 5-day incubation with 10 micromol/l migalastat. a gla variant was categorized as amenable if the resultant mutant alpha-gal a activity (measured in the cell lysates) met two criteria: 1) it showed a relative increase of at least 20% compared to the pre-treatment alpha-gal a activity, and 2) it showed an absolute increase of at least 3% of the wild-type (normal) alpha-gal a activity. the in vitro assay did not evaluate trafficking of the mutant alpha-gal a proteins into the lysosome or the dissociation of migalastat from the mutant alpha-gal a proteins within the lysosome. also, the in vitro assay did not test whether a gla variant causes fabry disease or not. the gla variants which are amenable to treatment with galafold, based on the in vitro assay data, are shown in table 2 . inclusion of gla variants in this table does not reflect interpretation of their clinical significance in fabry disease. whether a certain amenable gla variant in a patient with fabry disease is disease-causing or not should be determined by the prescribing physician (in consultation with a clinical genetics professional, if needed) prior to treatment initiation. consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in cases where the amenable gla variant is of uncertain clinical significance (vus, variant of uncertain significance) or may be benign (not causing fabry disease). table 2: amenable gla variants based on the in vitro assay * based on available published data, the gla variant c.937g>t, (p.(d313y)) is considered benign (not causing fabry disease). consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in patients with fabry disease who have this gla variant as additional evaluations may be indicated. dna change (long) dna change (short) protein change (1-letter code) protein change (3-letter code) c.7c>g c.c7g p.(l3v) p.(leu3val) c.8t>c c.t8c p.(l3p) p.(leu3pro) c.[11g>t; 620a>c] c.g11t/a620c p.(r4m/y207s) p.(arg4met/tyr207ser) c.37g>a c.g37a p.(a13t) p.(ala13thr) c.37g>c c.g37c p.(a13p) p.(ala13pro) c.43g>a c.g43a p.(a15t) p.(ala15thr) c.44c>g c.c44g p.(a15g) p.(ala15gly) c.53t>g c.t53g p.(f18c) p.(phe18cys) c.58g>c c.g58c p.(a20p) p.(ala20pro) c.59c>a c.c59a p.(a20d) p.(ala20asp) c.65t>g c.t65g p.(v22g) p.(val22gly) c.70t>c or c.70t>a c.t70c or c.t70a p.(w24r) p.(trp24arg) c.70t>g c.t70g p.(w24g) p.(trp24gly) c.72g>c or c.72g>t c.g72c or c.g72t p.(w24c) p.(trp24cys) c.95t>c c.t95c p.(l32p) p.(leu32pro) c.97g>t c.g97t p.(d33y) p.(asp33tyr) c.98a>g c.a98g p.(d33g) p.(asp33gly) c.100a>c c.a100c p.(n34h) p.(asn34his) c.100a>g c.a100g p.(n34d) p.(asn34asp) c.101a>c c.a101c p.(n34t) p.(asn34thr) c.101a>g c.a101g p.(n34s) p.(asn34ser) c.102t>g or c.102t>a c.t102g or c.t102a p.(n34k) p.(asn34lys) c.103g>c or c.103g>a c.g103c or c.g103a p.(g35r) p.(gly35arg) c.104g>a c.g104a p.(g35e) p.(gly35glu) c.104g>t c.g104t p.(g35v) p.(gly35val) c.107t>c c.t107c p.(l36s) p.(leu36ser) c.107t>g c.t107g p.(l36w) p.(leu36trp) c.108g>c or c.108g>t c.g108c or c.g108t p.(l36f) p.(leu36phe) c.109g>a c.g109a p.(a37t) p.(ala37thr) c.110c>t c.c110t p.(a37v) p.(ala37val) c.122c>t c.c122t p.(t41i) p.(thr41ile) c.124a>c or c.124a>t c.a124c or c.a124t p.(m42l) p.(met42leu) c.124a>g c.a124g p.(m42v) p.(met42val) c.125t>a c.t125a p.(m42k) p.(met42lys) c.125t>c c.t125c p.(m42t) p.(met42thr) c.125t>g c.t125g p.(m42r) p.(met42arg) c.126g>a or c.126g>c or c.126g>t c.g126a or c.g126c or c.g126t p.(m42i) p.(met42ile) c.137a>c c.a137c p.(h46p) p.(his46pro) c.142g>c c.g142c p.(e48q) p.(glu48gln) c.152t>a c.t152a p.(m51k) p.(met51lys) c.153g>a or c.153g>t or c.153g>c c.g153a or c.g153t or c.g153c p.(m51i) p.(met51ile) c.[157a>c; 158a>t] c.a157c/a158t p.(n53l) p.(asn53leu) c.157a>g c.a157g p.(n53d) p.(asn53asp) c.160c>t c.c160t p.(l54f) p.(leu54phe) c.161t>c c.t161c p.(l54p) p.(leu54pro) c.164a>g c.a164g p.(d55g) p.(asp55gly) c.164a>t c.a164t p.(d55v) p.(asp55val) c.[164a>t; 170a>t] c.a164t/a170t p.(d55v/q57l) p.(asp55val/gln57leu) c.167g>a c.g167a p.(c56y) p.(cys56tyr) c.167g>t c.g167t p.(c56f) p.(cys56phe) c.170a>t c.a170t p.(q57l) p.(gln57leu) c.175g>a c.g175a p.(e59k) p.(glu59lys) c.178c>a c.c178a p.(p60t) p.(pro60thr) c.178c>t c.c178t p.(p60s) p.(pro60ser) c.179c>t c.c179t p.(p60l) p.(pro60leu) c.196g>a c.g196a p.(e66k) p.(glu66lys) c.197a>g c.a197g p.(e66g) p.(glu66gly) c.207c>a or c.207c>g c.c207a or c.c207g p.(f69l) p.(phe69leu) c.214a>g c.a214g p.(m72v) p.(met72val) c.216g>a or c.216g>t or c.216g>c c.g216a or c.g216t or c.g216c p.(m72i) p.(met72ile) c.218c>t c.c218t p.(a73v) p.(ala73val) c.227t>c c.t227c p.(m76t) p.(met76thr) c.239g>a c.g239a p.(g80d) p.(gly80asp) c.239g>t c.g239t p.(g80v) p.(gly80val) c.247g>a c.g247a p.(d83n) p.(asp83asn) c.253g>a c.g253a p.(g85s) p.(gly85ser) c.[253g>a; 254g>a] c.g253a/g254a p.(g85n) p.(gly85asn) c.[253g>a; 254g>t; 255t>g] c.g253a/g254t/t255g p.(g85m) p.(gly85met) c.254g>a c.g254a p.(g85d) p.(gly85asp) c.261g>c or c.261g>t c.g261c or c.g261t p.(e87d) p.(glu87asp) c.265c>t c.c265t p.(l89f) p.(leu89phe) c.272t>c c.t272c p.(i91t) p.(ile91thr) c.288g>a or c.288g>t or c.288g>c c.g288a or c.g288t or c.g288c p.(m96i) p.(met96ile) c.289g>c c.g289c p.(a97p) p.(ala97pro) c.290c>t c.c290t p.(a97v) p.(ala97val) c.305c>t c.c305t p.(s102l) p.(ser102leu) c.311g>t c.g311t p.(g104v) p.(gly104val) c.316c>t c.c316t p.(l106f) p.(leu106phe) c.320a>g c.a320g p.(q107r) p.(gln107arg) c.322g>a c.g322a p.(a108t) p.(ala108thr) c.326a>g c.a326g p.(d109g) p.(asp109gly) c.334c>g c.c334g p.(r112g) p.(arg112gly) c.335g>a c.g335a p.(r112h) p.(arg112his) c.337t>a c.t337a p.(f113i) p.(phe113ile) c.337t>c or c.339t>a or c.339t>g c.t337c or c.t339a or c.t339g p.(f113l) p.(phe113leu) c.352c>t c.c352t p.(r118c) p.(arg118cys) c.361g>a c.g361a p.(a121t) p.(ala121thr) c.368a>g c.a368g p.(y123c) p.(tyr123cys) c.373c>t c.c373t p.(h125y) p.(his125tyr) c.374a>t c.a374t p.(h125l) p.(his125leu) c.376a>g c.a376g p.(s126g) p.(ser126gly) c.383g>a c.g383a p.(g128e) p.(gly128glu) c.399t>g c.t399g p.(i133m) p.(ile133met) c.404c>t c.c404t p.(a135v) p.(ala135val) c.408t>a or c.408t>g c.t408a or c.t408g p.(d136e) p.(asp136glu) c.416a>g c.a416g p.(n139s) p.(asn139ser) c.419a>c c.a419c p.(k140t) p.(lys140thr) c.427g>a c.g427a p.(a143t) p.(ala143thr) c.431g>a c.g431a p.(g144d) p.(gly144asp) c.431g>t c.g431t p.(g144v) p.(gly144val) c.434t>c c.t434c p.(f145s) p.(phe145ser) c.436c>t c.c436t p.(p146s) p.(pro146ser) c.437c>g c.c437g p.(p146r) p.(pro146arg) c.454t>c c.t454c p.(y152h) p.(tyr152his) c.454t>g c.t454g p.(y152d) p.(tyr152asp) c.455a>g c.a455g p.(y152c) p.(tyr152cys) c.466g>a c.g466a p.(a156t) p.(ala156thr) c.466g>t c.g466t p.(a156s) p.(ala156ser) c.467c>t c.c467t p.(a156v) p.(ala156val) c.471g>c or c.471g>t c.g471c or c.g471t p.(q157h) p.(gln157his) c.484t>g c.t484g p.(w162g) p.(trp162gly) c.493g>c c.g493c p.(d165h) p.(asp165his) c.494a>g c.a494g p.(d165g) p.(asp165gly) c.496_497delinstc c.496_497delinstc p.(l166s) p.(leu166ser) c.496c>g c.c496g p.(l166v) p.(leu166val) c.[496c>g; 497t>g] c.c496g/t497g p.(l166g) p.(leu166gly) c.499c>g c.c499g p.(l167v) p.(leu167val) c.506t>c c.t506c p.(f169s) p.(phe169ser) c.511g>a c.g511a p.(g171s) p.(gly171ser) c.520t>c c.t520c p.(c174r) p.(cys174arg) c.520t>g c.t520g p.(c174g) p.(cys174gly) c.525c>g or c.525c>a c.c525g or c.c525a p.(d175e) p.(asp175glu) c.539t>g c.t539g p.(l180w) p.(leu180trp) c.540g>c or c.540g>t c.g540c or c.g540t p.(l180f) p.(leu180phe) c.548g>a c.g548a p.(g183d) p.(gly183asp) c.548g>c c.g548c p.(g183a) p.(gly183ala) c.550t>a c.t550a p.(y184n) p.(tyr184asn) c.551a>c c.a551c p.(y184s) p.(tyr184ser) c.551a>g c.a551g p.(y184c) p.(tyr184cys) c.553a>g c.a553g p.(k185e) p.(lys185glu) c.559_564dup c.559_564dup p.(m187_s188dup) p.(met187_ser188dup) c.559a>g c.a559g p.(m187v) p.(met187val) c.560t>c c.t560c p.(m187t) p.(met187thr) c.561g>t or c.561g>a or c.561g>c c.g561t or c.g561a or c.g561c p.(m187i) p.(met187ile) c.567g>c or c.567g>t c.g567c or c.g567t p.(l189f) p.(leu189phe) c.572t>a c.t572a p.(l191q) p.(leu191gln) c.581c>t c.c581t p.(t194i) p.(thr194ile) c.584g>t c.g584t p.(g195v) p.(gly195val) c.586a>g c.a586g p.(r196g) p.(arg196gly) c.593t>c c.t593c p.(i198t) p.(ile198thr) c.595g>a c.g595a p.(v199m) p.(val199met) c.596t>c c.t596c p.(v199a) p.(val199ala) c.596t>g c.t596g p.(v199g) p.(val199gly) c.599a>g c.a599g p.(y200c) p.(tyr200cys) c.602c>a c.c602a p.(s201y) p.(ser201tyr) c.602c>t c.c602t p.(s201f) p.(ser201phe) c.608a>t c.a608t p.(e203v) p.(glu203val) c.609g>c or c.609g>t c.g609c or c.g609t p.(e203d) p.(glu203asp) c.611g>t c.g611t p.(w204l) p.(trp204leu) c.613c>a c.c613a p.(p205t) p.(pro205thr) c.613c>t c.c613t p.(p205s) p.(pro205ser) c.614c>t c.c614t p.(p205l) p.(pro205leu) c.619t>c c.t619c p.(y207h) p.(tyr207his) c.620a>c c.a620c p.(y207s) p.(tyr207ser) c.623t>g c.t623g p.(m208r) p.(met208arg) c.628c>t c.c628t p.(p210s) p.(pro210ser) c.629c>t c.c629t p.(p210l) p.(pro210leu) c.638a>g c.a638g p.(k213r) p.(lys213arg) c.638a>t c.a638t p.(k213m) p.(lys213met) c.640c>t c.c640t p.(p214s) p.(pro214ser) c.641c>t c.c641t p.(p214l) p.(pro214leu) c.643a>g c.a643g p.(n215d) p.(asn215asp) c.644a>g c.a644g p.(n215s) p.(asn215ser) c.[644a>g; 937g>t*] c.a644g/g937t* p.(n215s/d313y*) p.(asn215ser/asp313tyr*) c.644a>t c.a644t p.(n215i) p.(asn215ile) c.646t>g c.t646g p.(y216d) p.(tyr216asp) c.647a>g c.a647g p.(y216c) p.(tyr216cys) c.655a>c c.a655c p.(i219l) p.(ile219leu) c.656t>a c.t656a p.(i219n) p.(ile219asn) c.656t>c c.t656c p.(i219t) p.(ile219thr) c.659g>a c.g659a p.(r220q) p.(arg220gln) c.659g>c c.g659c p.(r220p) p.(arg220pro) c.662a>c c.a662c p.(q221p) p.(gln221pro) c.671a>c c.a671c p.(n224t) p.(asn224thr) c.671a>g c.a671g p.(n224s) p.(asn224ser) c.673c>g c.c673g p.(h225d) p.(his225asp) c.682a>c c.a682c p.(n228h) p.(asn228his) c.683a>g c.a683g p.(n228s) p.(asn228ser) c.687t>a or c.687t>g c.t687a or c.t687g p.(f229l) p.(phe229leu) c.695t>c c.t695c p.(i232t) p.(ile232thr) c.712a>g c.a712g p.(s238g) p.(ser238gly) c.713g>a c.g713a p.(s238n) p.(ser238asn) c.716t>c c.t716c p.(i239t) p.(ile239thr) c.717a>g c.a717g p.(i239m) p.(ile239met) c.720g>c or c.720g>t c.g720c or c.g720t p.(k240n) p.(lys240asn) c.724a>g c.a724g p.(i242v) p.(ile242val) c.724a>t c.a724t p.(i242f) p.(ile242phe) c.725t>a c.t725a p.(i242n) p.(ile242asn) c.725t>c c.t725c p.(i242t) p.(ile242thr) c.728t>g c.t728g p.(l243w) p.(leu243trp) c.729g>c or c.729g>t c.g729c or c.g729t p.(l243f) p.(leu243phe) c.730g>a c.g730a p.(d244n) p.(asp244asn) c.730g>c c.g730c p.(d244h) p.(asp244his) c.733t>g c.t733g p.(w245g) p.(trp245gly) c.740c>g c.c740g p.(s247c) p.(ser247cys) c.747c>g or c.747c>a c.c747g or c.c747a p.(n249k) p.(asn249lys) c.749a>c c.a749c p.(q250p) p.(gln250pro) c.749a>g c.a749g p.(q250r) p.(gln250arg) c.750g>c c.g750c p.(q250h) p.(gln250his) c.758t>c c.t758c p.(i253t) p.(ile253thr) c.758t>g c.t758g p.(i253s) p.(ile253ser) c.760-762delgtt or c.761-763del c.760_762delgtt or c.761_763del p.(v254del) p.(val254del) c.769g>c c.g769c p.(a257p) p.(ala257pro) c.770c>g c.c770g p.(a257g) p.(ala257gly) c.770c>t c.c770t p.(a257v) p.(ala257val) c.772g>c or c.772g>a c.g772c or c.g772a p.(g258r) p.(gly258arg) c.773g>t c.g773t p.(g258v) p.(gly258val) c.776c>a c.c776a p.(p259q) p.(pro259gln) c.776c>g c.c776g p.(p259r) p.(pro259arg) c.776c>t c.c776t p.(p259l) p.(pro259leu) c.779g>a c.g779a p.(g260e) p.(gly260glu) c.779g>c c.g779c p.(g260a) p.(gly260ala) c.781g>a c.g781a p.(g261s) p.(gly261ser) c.781g>c c.g781c p.(g261r) p.(gly261arg) c.781g>t c.g781t p.(g261c) p.(gly261cys) c.788a>g c.a788g p.(n263s) p.(asn263ser) c.790g>t c.g790t p.(d264y) p.(asp264tyr) c.794c>t c.c794t p.(p265l) p.(pro265leu) c.800t>c c.t800c p.(m267t) p.(met267thr) c.805g>a c.g805a p.(v269m) p.(val269met) c.806t>c c.t806c p.(v269a) p.(val269ala) c.809t>c c.t809c p.(i270t) p.(ile270thr) c.810t>g c.t810g p.(i270m) p.(ile270met) c.811g>a c.g811a p.(g271s) p.(gly271ser) c.[811g>a; 937g>t*] c.g811a/g937t* p.(g271s/d313y*) p.(gly271ser/asp313tyr*) c.812g>a c.g812a p.(g271d) p.(gly271asp) c.823c>g c.c823g p.(l275v) p.(leu275val) c.827g>a c.g827a p.(s276n) p.(ser276asn) c.829t>g c.t829g p.(w277g) p.(trp277gly) c.831g>t or c.831g>c c.g831t or c.g831c p.(w277c) p.(trp277cys) c.832a>t c.a832t p.(n278y) p.(asn278tyr) c.835c>g c.c835g p.(q279e) p.(gln279glu) c.838c>a c.c838a p.(q280k) p.(gln280lys) c.840a>t or c.840a>c c.a840t or c.a840c p.(q280h) p.(gln280his) c.844a>g c.a844g p.(t282a) p.(thr282ala) c.845c>t c.c845t p.(t282i) p.(thr282ile) c.850a>g c.a850g p.(m284v) p.(met284val) c.851t>c c.t851c p.(m284t) p.(met284thr) c.860g>t c.g860t p.(w287l) p.(trp287leu) c.862g>c c.g862c p.(a288p) p.(ala288pro) c.866t>g c.t866g p.(i289s) p.(ile289ser) c.868a>c or c.868a>t c.a868c or c.a868t p.(m290l) p.(met290leu) c.869t>c c.t869c p.(m290t) p.(met290thr) c.870g>a or c.870g>c or c.870g>t c.g870a or c.g870c or c.g870t p.(m290i) p.(met290ile) c.871g>a c.g871a p.(a291t) p.(ala291thr) c.877c>a c.c877a p.(p293t) p.(pro293thr) c.881t>c c.t881c p.(l294s) p.(leu294ser) c.884t>g c.t884g p.(f295c) p.(phe295cys) c.886a>g c.a886g p.(m296v) p.(met296val) c.886a>t or c.886a>c c.a886t or c.a886c p.(m296l) p.(met296leu) c.887t>c c.t887c p.(m296t) p.(met296thr) c.888g>a or c.888g>t or c.888g>c c.g888a or c.g888t or c.g888c p.(m296i) p.(met296ile) c.893a>g c.a893g p.(n298s) p.(asn298ser) c.897c>g or c.897c>a c.c897g or c.c897a p.(d299e) p.(asp299glu) c.898c>t c.c898t p.(l300f) p.(leu300phe) c.899t>c c.t899c p.(l300p) p.(leu300pro) c.901c>g c.c901g p.(r301g) p.(arg301gly) c.902g>a c.g902a p.(r301q) p.(arg301gln) c.902g>c c.g902c p.(r301p) p.(arg301pro) c.902g>t c.g902t p.(r301l) p.(arg301leu) c.907a>t c.a907t p.(i303f) p.(ile303phe) c.908t>a c.t908a p.(i303n) p.(ile303asn) c.911g>a c.g911a p.(s304n) p.(ser304asn) c.911g>c c.g911c p.(s304t) p.(ser304thr) c.919g>a c.g919a p.(a307t) p.(ala307thr) c.922a>g c.a922g p.(k308e) p.(lys308glu) c.924a>t or c.924a>c c.a924t or c.a924c p.(k308n) p.(lys308asn) c.925g>c c.g925c p.(a309p) p.(ala309pro) c.926c>t c.c926t p.(a309v) p.(ala309val) c.928c>t c.c928t p.(l310f) p.(leu310phe) c.931c>g c.c931g p.(l311v) p.(leu311val) c.935a>g c.a935g p.(q312r) p.(gln312arg) c.936g>t or c.936g>c c.g936t or c.g936c p.(q312h) p.(gln312his) c.937g>t* c.g937t* p.(d313y*) p.(asp313tyr*) c.[937g>t*; 1232g>a] c.g937t*/g1232a p.(d313y*/g411d) p.(asp313tyr*/gly411asp) c.938a>g c.a938g p.(d313g) p.(asp313gly) c.946g>a c.g946a p.(v316i) p.(val316ile) c.947t>g c.t947g p.(v316g) p.(val316gly) c.950t>c c.t950c p.(i317t) p.(ile317thr) c.955a>t c.a955t p.(i319f) p.(ile319phe) c.956t>c c.t956c p.(i319t) p.(ile319thr) c.958a>c c.a958c p.(n320h) p.(asn320his) c.959a>t c.a959t p.(n320i) p.(asn320ile) c.962a>g c.a962g p.(q321r) p.(gln321arg) c.962a>t c.a962t p.(q321l) p.(gln321leu) c.963g>c or c.963g>t c.g963c or c.g963t p.(q321h) p.(gln321his) c.964g>a c.g964a p.(d322n) p.(asp322asn) c.964g>c c.g964c p.(d322h) p.(asp322his) c.966c>a or c.966c>g c.c966a or c.c966g p.(d322e) p.(asp322glu) c.967c>a c.c967a p.(p323t) p.(pro323thr) c.968c>g c.c968g p.(p323r) p.(pro323arg) c.973g>a c.g973a p.(g325s) p.(gly325ser) c.973g>c c.g973c p.(g325r) p.(gly325arg) c.978g>c or c.978g>t c.g978c or c.g978t p.(k326n) p.(lys326asn) c.979c>g c.c979g p.(q327e) p.(gln327glu) c.980a>t c.a980t p.(q327l) p.(gln327leu) c.983g>c c.g983c p.(g328a) p.(gly328ala) c.989a>g c.a989g p.(q330r) p.(gln330arg) c.1001g>a c.g1001a p.(g334e) p.(gly334glu) c.1010t>c c.t1010c p.(f337s) p.(phe337ser) c.1012g>a c.g1012a p.(e338k) p.(glu338lys) c.1013a>t c.a1013t p.(e338v) p.(glu338val) c.1016t>a c.t1016a p.(v339e) p.(val339glu) c.1027c>a c.c1027a p.(p343t) p.(pro343thr) c.1028c>t c.c1028t p.(p343l) p.(pro343leu) c.1033t>c c.t1033c p.(s345p) p.(ser345pro) c.1046g>c c.g1046c p.(w349s) p.(trp349ser) c.1055c>g c.c1055g p.(a352g) p.(ala352gly) c.1055c>t c.c1055t p.(a352v) p.(ala352val) c.1061t>a c.t1061a p.(i354k) p.(ile354lys) c.1066c>g c.c1066g p.(r356g) p.(arg356gly) c.1066c>t c.c1066t p.(r356w) p.(arg356trp) c.1067g>a c.g1067a p.(r356q) p.(arg356gln) c.1067g>c c.g1067c p.(r356p) p.(arg356pro) c.1072g>c c.g1072c p.(e358q) p.(glu358gln) c.1073a>c c.a1073c p.(e358a) p.(glu358ala) c.1073a>g c.a1073g p.(e358g) p.(glu358gly) c.1074g>t or c.1074g>c c.g1074t or c.g1074c p.(e358d) p.(glu358asp) c.1076t>c c.t1076c p.(i359t) p.(ile359thr) c.1078g>a c.g1078a p.(g360s) p.(gly360ser) c.1078g>t c.g1078t p.(g360c) p.(gly360cys) c.1079g>a c.g1079a p.(g360d) p.(gly360asp) c.1082g>a c.g1082a p.(g361e) p.(gly361glu) c.1082g>c c.g1082c p.(g361a) p.(gly361ala) c.1084c>a c.c1084a p.(p362t) p.(pro362thr) c.1085c>t c.c1085t p.(p362l) p.(pro362leu) c.1087c>t c.c1087t p.(r363c) p.(arg363cys) c.1088g>a c.g1088a p.(r363h) p.(arg363his) c.1102g>a c.g1102a p.(a368t) p.(ala368thr) c.1117g>a c.g1117a p.(g373s) p.(gly373ser) c.1124g>a c.g1124a p.(g375e) p.(gly375glu) c.1139c>t c.c1139t p.(p380l) p.(pro380leu) c.1153a>g c.a1153g p.(t385a) p.(tyr385ala) c.1168g>a c.g1168a p.(v390m) p.(val390met) c.1172a>c c.a1172c p.(k391t) p.(lys391thr) c.1184g>a c.g1184a p.(g395e) p.(gly395glu) c.1184g>c c.g1184c p.(g395a) p.(gly395ala) c.1192g>a c.g1192a p.(e398k) p.(glu398lys) c.1202_1203insgacttc c.1202_1203insgacttc p.(t400_s401dup) p.(thr400_ser401dup) c.1208t>c c.t1208c p.(l403s) p.(leu403ser) c.1225c>a c.c1225a p.(p409t) p.(pro409thr) c.1225c>g c.c1225g p.(p409a) p.(pro409ala) c.1225c>t c.c1225t p.(p409s) p.(pro409ser) c.1228a>g c.a1228g p.(t410a) p.(thr410ala) c.1229c>t c.c1229t p.(t410i) p.(thr410ile) c.1232g>a c.g1232a p.(g411d) p.(gly411asp) c.1234a>c c.a1234c p.(t412p) p.(thr412pro) c.1235c>a c.c1235a p.(t412n) p.(thr412asn) c.1253a>g c.a1253g p.(e418g) p.(glu418gly) c.1261a>g c.a1261g p.(m421v) p.(met421val) if a gla variant does not appear in table 2 , it is either non-amenable (if tested) or has not been tested for in vitro amenability. for further information, please contact amicus medical information at 1-877-4amicus or medinfousa@amicusrx.com. 12.2 pharmacodynamics in study 1, 31 of 50 patients with amenable gla variants (18 on galafold, 13 on placebo) had lyso-gb 3 assessments available after 6 months of treatment. the median change from baseline to month 6 in plasma lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) was -2.37 (range -69.7, 1.8) in patients on galafold and 0.53 (range -21.5, 16.3) in patients on placebo. in the open-label treatment phase of study 1, the 13 patients who were initially on placebo for 6 months and who switched to galafold for another 6 months had a median change in lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) of -2.72 (range -61.1, -0.3). the 18 patients who were treated with galafold for 6 months and then continued galafold in the open-label treatment phase of study 1 for an additional 6 months had no further changes in plasma lyso-gb 3 . in study 2, 46 of 56 patients with amenable gla variants (31 on galafold, 15 on enzyme replacement therapy (ert)) had lyso-gb 3 assessments available after 18 months of treatment. the median change from baseline to month 18 in plasma lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) was 0.53 (range -2.27, 28.3) in patients on galafold and -0.03 (range -11.9, 2.57) in patients on ert. cardiac electrophysiology at a dose approximately 8 times the recommended dose, galafold did not prolong the qt interval to any clinically relevant extent. 12.3 pharmacokinetics absorption following a single galafold oral dose of 123 mg, the absolute bioavailability (auc) of migalastat was approximately 75% and the time to peak plasma concentration was approximately 3 hours. plasma migalastat exposure (auc 0-â and c max ) demonstrated dose-proportional increases at oral doses from 75 mg to 1250 mg (doses from 0.5 to 8.3-fold of the approved recommended dosage). migalastat does not accumulate following administration of 123 mg galafold every other day. effect of food: administration of galafold one hour before a high-fat (850 calories; 56% from fat) or light meal (507 calories; 30% from fat), or one hour after a light meal, reduced the mean migalastat auc 0-â by 37% to 42% and c max by 15% to 39% compared to the fasting state [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . effect of beverages: a single-dose, 6-way crossover pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 20 healthy subjects to evaluate plasma migalastat bioavailability of a 150 mg migalastat hcl capsule when administered with coffee and sweetened beverages relative to administration with water. the rate of absorption (t max ) of migalastat was not affected by administration of coffee or sweetened beverages in comparison to water. consumption of 280 ml of coffee containing approximately 190 mg caffeine at the time of dosing resulted in significant decrease in migalastat systemic exposure (mean reduction in auc 0-â by 57% and mean reduction in c max by 60%) when compared to water. the bioavailability of migalastat did not appreciably differ when administered with natural (sucrose: 8027 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1265 ng/ml c max ) and artificial (aspartame or acesulfame k: 9075 ng·h/ml, 8641 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1374 ng/ml, 1225 ng/ml c max respectively) sweeteners when compared to water (8613 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1328 ng/ml c max ) [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . distribution the apparent volume of distribution (v z /f) of migalastat in fabry patients was approximately 89 l (range: 77 to 133 l) at steady state. there was no detectable plasma protein binding following administration of [ 14 c]-migalastat in the concentration range between 1 to 100 microm. elimination metabolism: based upon in vivo data, migalastat is a substrate for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (udpgt), a minor elimination pathway. excretion: in a mass balance study in healthy male subjects, following oral administration of 123 mg [ 14 c]-migalastat, approximately 77% of the total radiolabeled dose was recovered in urine and 20% of the total radiolabeled dose was recovered in feces with an overall total recovery of 98% within 96 hours post-dose. in urine, unchanged migalastat accounted for 80% of the radioactivity, which equates to 62% of the administered dose. in feces, unchanged migalastat was the only drug-related component. in plasma, unchanged migalastat accounted for approximately 77% of the plasma radioactivity and three dehydrogenated o-glucuronide conjugated metabolites, m1 to m3, together accounted for approximately 13% of the plasma radioactivity, none of which comprised more than 6% of the radiolabeled dose. approximately 9% of the total radioactivity in plasma was unassigned. following a single oral dose of 123 mg galafold, migalastat is cleared from plasma with a mean half-life (t ½ ) of approximately 4 hours and apparent clearance of 12.5 l/hr. specific populations male and female patients: the pharmacokinetic characteristics of migalastat were not significantly different between healthy male and female subjects or patients with fabry disease. racial or ethnic groups: clinical data indicate no ethnic differences in patient populations studied with migalastat. patients with renal impairment: in a single-dose study in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment, exposure to migalastat (auc) was increased by 1.2-, 1.8-, and 4.3-fold in subjects with mild (egfr 60 to 90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), moderate (egfr 30 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), and severe renal impairment (egfr less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), respectively, while the c max remained unchanged with severity of renal impairment [see use in specific populations ( 8.6 )] . drug interaction studies migalastat is not a known inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome p450 (cyp450) enzymes, nor is it an inhibitor of bcrp, mdr1, p-glycoprotein (p-gp), or bsep human efflux transporters, or oatp1b1, oatp1b3, oat1, oat3, oct1, oct2, mate1, or mate2-k human uptake transporters. migalastat is not a substrate of p-gp, bcrp, mdr1 or mate1, mate2-k, oat1, oat3, or oct2. migalastat showed low affinity for sglt1, as both a substrate and an inhibitor, and showed no activity for sglt2.
Mechanism of Action:
12.1 mechanism of action migalastat is a pharmacological chaperone that reversibly binds to the active site of the alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-gal a) protein (encoded by the galactosidase alpha gene, gla ), which is deficient in fabry disease. this binding stabilizes alpha-gal a allowing its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum into the lysosome where it exerts its action. in the lysosome, at a lower ph and at a higher concentration of relevant substrates, migalastat dissociates from alpha-gal a allowing it to break down the glycosphingolipids globotriaosylceramide (gl-3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-gb 3 ). certain gla variants (mutations) causing fabry disease result in the production of abnormally folded and less stable forms of the alpha-gal a protein which, however, retain enzymatic activity. those gla variants, referred to as amenable variants, produce alpha-gal a proteins that may be stabilized by migalastat thereby restoring their trafficking to lysosomes and their intralysosomal activity. in vitro amenability assay in an in vitro assay (hek-293 assay), human embryonic kidney (hek-293) cell lines were transfected with specific gla variants (mutations) which produced mutant alpha-gal a proteins. in the transfected cells, amenability of the gla variants was assessed after a 5-day incubation with 10 micromol/l migalastat. a gla variant was categorized as amenable if the resultant mutant alpha-gal a activity (measured in the cell lysates) met two criteria: 1) it showed a relative increase of at least 20% compared to the pre-treatment alpha-gal a activity, and 2) it showed an absolute increase of at least 3% of the wild-type (normal) alpha-gal a activity. the in vitro assay did not evaluate trafficking of the mutant alpha-gal a proteins into the lysosome or the dissociation of migalastat from the mutant alpha-gal a proteins within the lysosome. also, the in vitro assay did not test whether a gla variant causes fabry disease or not. the gla variants which are amenable to treatment with galafold, based on the in vitro assay data, are shown in table 2 . inclusion of gla variants in this table does not reflect interpretation of their clinical significance in fabry disease. whether a certain amenable gla variant in a patient with fabry disease is disease-causing or not should be determined by the prescribing physician (in consultation with a clinical genetics professional, if needed) prior to treatment initiation. consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in cases where the amenable gla variant is of uncertain clinical significance (vus, variant of uncertain significance) or may be benign (not causing fabry disease). table 2: amenable gla variants based on the in vitro assay * based on available published data, the gla variant c.937g>t, (p.(d313y)) is considered benign (not causing fabry disease). consultation with a clinical genetics professional is strongly recommended in patients with fabry disease who have this gla variant as additional evaluations may be indicated. dna change (long) dna change (short) protein change (1-letter code) protein change (3-letter code) c.7c>g c.c7g p.(l3v) p.(leu3val) c.8t>c c.t8c p.(l3p) p.(leu3pro) c.[11g>t; 620a>c] c.g11t/a620c p.(r4m/y207s) p.(arg4met/tyr207ser) c.37g>a c.g37a p.(a13t) p.(ala13thr) c.37g>c c.g37c p.(a13p) p.(ala13pro) c.43g>a c.g43a p.(a15t) p.(ala15thr) c.44c>g c.c44g p.(a15g) p.(ala15gly) c.53t>g c.t53g p.(f18c) p.(phe18cys) c.58g>c c.g58c p.(a20p) p.(ala20pro) c.59c>a c.c59a p.(a20d) p.(ala20asp) c.65t>g c.t65g p.(v22g) p.(val22gly) c.70t>c or c.70t>a c.t70c or c.t70a p.(w24r) p.(trp24arg) c.70t>g c.t70g p.(w24g) p.(trp24gly) c.72g>c or c.72g>t c.g72c or c.g72t p.(w24c) p.(trp24cys) c.95t>c c.t95c p.(l32p) p.(leu32pro) c.97g>t c.g97t p.(d33y) p.(asp33tyr) c.98a>g c.a98g p.(d33g) p.(asp33gly) c.100a>c c.a100c p.(n34h) p.(asn34his) c.100a>g c.a100g p.(n34d) p.(asn34asp) c.101a>c c.a101c p.(n34t) p.(asn34thr) c.101a>g c.a101g p.(n34s) p.(asn34ser) c.102t>g or c.102t>a c.t102g or c.t102a p.(n34k) p.(asn34lys) c.103g>c or c.103g>a c.g103c or c.g103a p.(g35r) p.(gly35arg) c.104g>a c.g104a p.(g35e) p.(gly35glu) c.104g>t c.g104t p.(g35v) p.(gly35val) c.107t>c c.t107c p.(l36s) p.(leu36ser) c.107t>g c.t107g p.(l36w) p.(leu36trp) c.108g>c or c.108g>t c.g108c or c.g108t p.(l36f) p.(leu36phe) c.109g>a c.g109a p.(a37t) p.(ala37thr) c.110c>t c.c110t p.(a37v) p.(ala37val) c.122c>t c.c122t p.(t41i) p.(thr41ile) c.124a>c or c.124a>t c.a124c or c.a124t p.(m42l) p.(met42leu) c.124a>g c.a124g p.(m42v) p.(met42val) c.125t>a c.t125a p.(m42k) p.(met42lys) c.125t>c c.t125c p.(m42t) p.(met42thr) c.125t>g c.t125g p.(m42r) p.(met42arg) c.126g>a or c.126g>c or c.126g>t c.g126a or c.g126c or c.g126t p.(m42i) p.(met42ile) c.137a>c c.a137c p.(h46p) p.(his46pro) c.142g>c c.g142c p.(e48q) p.(glu48gln) c.152t>a c.t152a p.(m51k) p.(met51lys) c.153g>a or c.153g>t or c.153g>c c.g153a or c.g153t or c.g153c p.(m51i) p.(met51ile) c.[157a>c; 158a>t] c.a157c/a158t p.(n53l) p.(asn53leu) c.157a>g c.a157g p.(n53d) p.(asn53asp) c.160c>t c.c160t p.(l54f) p.(leu54phe) c.161t>c c.t161c p.(l54p) p.(leu54pro) c.164a>g c.a164g p.(d55g) p.(asp55gly) c.164a>t c.a164t p.(d55v) p.(asp55val) c.[164a>t; 170a>t] c.a164t/a170t p.(d55v/q57l) p.(asp55val/gln57leu) c.167g>a c.g167a p.(c56y) p.(cys56tyr) c.167g>t c.g167t p.(c56f) p.(cys56phe) c.170a>t c.a170t p.(q57l) p.(gln57leu) c.175g>a c.g175a p.(e59k) p.(glu59lys) c.178c>a c.c178a p.(p60t) p.(pro60thr) c.178c>t c.c178t p.(p60s) p.(pro60ser) c.179c>t c.c179t p.(p60l) p.(pro60leu) c.196g>a c.g196a p.(e66k) p.(glu66lys) c.197a>g c.a197g p.(e66g) p.(glu66gly) c.207c>a or c.207c>g c.c207a or c.c207g p.(f69l) p.(phe69leu) c.214a>g c.a214g p.(m72v) p.(met72val) c.216g>a or c.216g>t or c.216g>c c.g216a or c.g216t or c.g216c p.(m72i) p.(met72ile) c.218c>t c.c218t p.(a73v) p.(ala73val) c.227t>c c.t227c p.(m76t) p.(met76thr) c.239g>a c.g239a p.(g80d) p.(gly80asp) c.239g>t c.g239t p.(g80v) p.(gly80val) c.247g>a c.g247a p.(d83n) p.(asp83asn) c.253g>a c.g253a p.(g85s) p.(gly85ser) c.[253g>a; 254g>a] c.g253a/g254a p.(g85n) p.(gly85asn) c.[253g>a; 254g>t; 255t>g] c.g253a/g254t/t255g p.(g85m) p.(gly85met) c.254g>a c.g254a p.(g85d) p.(gly85asp) c.261g>c or c.261g>t c.g261c or c.g261t p.(e87d) p.(glu87asp) c.265c>t c.c265t p.(l89f) p.(leu89phe) c.272t>c c.t272c p.(i91t) p.(ile91thr) c.288g>a or c.288g>t or c.288g>c c.g288a or c.g288t or c.g288c p.(m96i) p.(met96ile) c.289g>c c.g289c p.(a97p) p.(ala97pro) c.290c>t c.c290t p.(a97v) p.(ala97val) c.305c>t c.c305t p.(s102l) p.(ser102leu) c.311g>t c.g311t p.(g104v) p.(gly104val) c.316c>t c.c316t p.(l106f) p.(leu106phe) c.320a>g c.a320g p.(q107r) p.(gln107arg) c.322g>a c.g322a p.(a108t) p.(ala108thr) c.326a>g c.a326g p.(d109g) p.(asp109gly) c.334c>g c.c334g p.(r112g) p.(arg112gly) c.335g>a c.g335a p.(r112h) p.(arg112his) c.337t>a c.t337a p.(f113i) p.(phe113ile) c.337t>c or c.339t>a or c.339t>g c.t337c or c.t339a or c.t339g p.(f113l) p.(phe113leu) c.352c>t c.c352t p.(r118c) p.(arg118cys) c.361g>a c.g361a p.(a121t) p.(ala121thr) c.368a>g c.a368g p.(y123c) p.(tyr123cys) c.373c>t c.c373t p.(h125y) p.(his125tyr) c.374a>t c.a374t p.(h125l) p.(his125leu) c.376a>g c.a376g p.(s126g) p.(ser126gly) c.383g>a c.g383a p.(g128e) p.(gly128glu) c.399t>g c.t399g p.(i133m) p.(ile133met) c.404c>t c.c404t p.(a135v) p.(ala135val) c.408t>a or c.408t>g c.t408a or c.t408g p.(d136e) p.(asp136glu) c.416a>g c.a416g p.(n139s) p.(asn139ser) c.419a>c c.a419c p.(k140t) p.(lys140thr) c.427g>a c.g427a p.(a143t) p.(ala143thr) c.431g>a c.g431a p.(g144d) p.(gly144asp) c.431g>t c.g431t p.(g144v) p.(gly144val) c.434t>c c.t434c p.(f145s) p.(phe145ser) c.436c>t c.c436t p.(p146s) p.(pro146ser) c.437c>g c.c437g p.(p146r) p.(pro146arg) c.454t>c c.t454c p.(y152h) p.(tyr152his) c.454t>g c.t454g p.(y152d) p.(tyr152asp) c.455a>g c.a455g p.(y152c) p.(tyr152cys) c.466g>a c.g466a p.(a156t) p.(ala156thr) c.466g>t c.g466t p.(a156s) p.(ala156ser) c.467c>t c.c467t p.(a156v) p.(ala156val) c.471g>c or c.471g>t c.g471c or c.g471t p.(q157h) p.(gln157his) c.484t>g c.t484g p.(w162g) p.(trp162gly) c.493g>c c.g493c p.(d165h) p.(asp165his) c.494a>g c.a494g p.(d165g) p.(asp165gly) c.496_497delinstc c.496_497delinstc p.(l166s) p.(leu166ser) c.496c>g c.c496g p.(l166v) p.(leu166val) c.[496c>g; 497t>g] c.c496g/t497g p.(l166g) p.(leu166gly) c.499c>g c.c499g p.(l167v) p.(leu167val) c.506t>c c.t506c p.(f169s) p.(phe169ser) c.511g>a c.g511a p.(g171s) p.(gly171ser) c.520t>c c.t520c p.(c174r) p.(cys174arg) c.520t>g c.t520g p.(c174g) p.(cys174gly) c.525c>g or c.525c>a c.c525g or c.c525a p.(d175e) p.(asp175glu) c.539t>g c.t539g p.(l180w) p.(leu180trp) c.540g>c or c.540g>t c.g540c or c.g540t p.(l180f) p.(leu180phe) c.548g>a c.g548a p.(g183d) p.(gly183asp) c.548g>c c.g548c p.(g183a) p.(gly183ala) c.550t>a c.t550a p.(y184n) p.(tyr184asn) c.551a>c c.a551c p.(y184s) p.(tyr184ser) c.551a>g c.a551g p.(y184c) p.(tyr184cys) c.553a>g c.a553g p.(k185e) p.(lys185glu) c.559_564dup c.559_564dup p.(m187_s188dup) p.(met187_ser188dup) c.559a>g c.a559g p.(m187v) p.(met187val) c.560t>c c.t560c p.(m187t) p.(met187thr) c.561g>t or c.561g>a or c.561g>c c.g561t or c.g561a or c.g561c p.(m187i) p.(met187ile) c.567g>c or c.567g>t c.g567c or c.g567t p.(l189f) p.(leu189phe) c.572t>a c.t572a p.(l191q) p.(leu191gln) c.581c>t c.c581t p.(t194i) p.(thr194ile) c.584g>t c.g584t p.(g195v) p.(gly195val) c.586a>g c.a586g p.(r196g) p.(arg196gly) c.593t>c c.t593c p.(i198t) p.(ile198thr) c.595g>a c.g595a p.(v199m) p.(val199met) c.596t>c c.t596c p.(v199a) p.(val199ala) c.596t>g c.t596g p.(v199g) p.(val199gly) c.599a>g c.a599g p.(y200c) p.(tyr200cys) c.602c>a c.c602a p.(s201y) p.(ser201tyr) c.602c>t c.c602t p.(s201f) p.(ser201phe) c.608a>t c.a608t p.(e203v) p.(glu203val) c.609g>c or c.609g>t c.g609c or c.g609t p.(e203d) p.(glu203asp) c.611g>t c.g611t p.(w204l) p.(trp204leu) c.613c>a c.c613a p.(p205t) p.(pro205thr) c.613c>t c.c613t p.(p205s) p.(pro205ser) c.614c>t c.c614t p.(p205l) p.(pro205leu) c.619t>c c.t619c p.(y207h) p.(tyr207his) c.620a>c c.a620c p.(y207s) p.(tyr207ser) c.623t>g c.t623g p.(m208r) p.(met208arg) c.628c>t c.c628t p.(p210s) p.(pro210ser) c.629c>t c.c629t p.(p210l) p.(pro210leu) c.638a>g c.a638g p.(k213r) p.(lys213arg) c.638a>t c.a638t p.(k213m) p.(lys213met) c.640c>t c.c640t p.(p214s) p.(pro214ser) c.641c>t c.c641t p.(p214l) p.(pro214leu) c.643a>g c.a643g p.(n215d) p.(asn215asp) c.644a>g c.a644g p.(n215s) p.(asn215ser) c.[644a>g; 937g>t*] c.a644g/g937t* p.(n215s/d313y*) p.(asn215ser/asp313tyr*) c.644a>t c.a644t p.(n215i) p.(asn215ile) c.646t>g c.t646g p.(y216d) p.(tyr216asp) c.647a>g c.a647g p.(y216c) p.(tyr216cys) c.655a>c c.a655c p.(i219l) p.(ile219leu) c.656t>a c.t656a p.(i219n) p.(ile219asn) c.656t>c c.t656c p.(i219t) p.(ile219thr) c.659g>a c.g659a p.(r220q) p.(arg220gln) c.659g>c c.g659c p.(r220p) p.(arg220pro) c.662a>c c.a662c p.(q221p) p.(gln221pro) c.671a>c c.a671c p.(n224t) p.(asn224thr) c.671a>g c.a671g p.(n224s) p.(asn224ser) c.673c>g c.c673g p.(h225d) p.(his225asp) c.682a>c c.a682c p.(n228h) p.(asn228his) c.683a>g c.a683g p.(n228s) p.(asn228ser) c.687t>a or c.687t>g c.t687a or c.t687g p.(f229l) p.(phe229leu) c.695t>c c.t695c p.(i232t) p.(ile232thr) c.712a>g c.a712g p.(s238g) p.(ser238gly) c.713g>a c.g713a p.(s238n) p.(ser238asn) c.716t>c c.t716c p.(i239t) p.(ile239thr) c.717a>g c.a717g p.(i239m) p.(ile239met) c.720g>c or c.720g>t c.g720c or c.g720t p.(k240n) p.(lys240asn) c.724a>g c.a724g p.(i242v) p.(ile242val) c.724a>t c.a724t p.(i242f) p.(ile242phe) c.725t>a c.t725a p.(i242n) p.(ile242asn) c.725t>c c.t725c p.(i242t) p.(ile242thr) c.728t>g c.t728g p.(l243w) p.(leu243trp) c.729g>c or c.729g>t c.g729c or c.g729t p.(l243f) p.(leu243phe) c.730g>a c.g730a p.(d244n) p.(asp244asn) c.730g>c c.g730c p.(d244h) p.(asp244his) c.733t>g c.t733g p.(w245g) p.(trp245gly) c.740c>g c.c740g p.(s247c) p.(ser247cys) c.747c>g or c.747c>a c.c747g or c.c747a p.(n249k) p.(asn249lys) c.749a>c c.a749c p.(q250p) p.(gln250pro) c.749a>g c.a749g p.(q250r) p.(gln250arg) c.750g>c c.g750c p.(q250h) p.(gln250his) c.758t>c c.t758c p.(i253t) p.(ile253thr) c.758t>g c.t758g p.(i253s) p.(ile253ser) c.760-762delgtt or c.761-763del c.760_762delgtt or c.761_763del p.(v254del) p.(val254del) c.769g>c c.g769c p.(a257p) p.(ala257pro) c.770c>g c.c770g p.(a257g) p.(ala257gly) c.770c>t c.c770t p.(a257v) p.(ala257val) c.772g>c or c.772g>a c.g772c or c.g772a p.(g258r) p.(gly258arg) c.773g>t c.g773t p.(g258v) p.(gly258val) c.776c>a c.c776a p.(p259q) p.(pro259gln) c.776c>g c.c776g p.(p259r) p.(pro259arg) c.776c>t c.c776t p.(p259l) p.(pro259leu) c.779g>a c.g779a p.(g260e) p.(gly260glu) c.779g>c c.g779c p.(g260a) p.(gly260ala) c.781g>a c.g781a p.(g261s) p.(gly261ser) c.781g>c c.g781c p.(g261r) p.(gly261arg) c.781g>t c.g781t p.(g261c) p.(gly261cys) c.788a>g c.a788g p.(n263s) p.(asn263ser) c.790g>t c.g790t p.(d264y) p.(asp264tyr) c.794c>t c.c794t p.(p265l) p.(pro265leu) c.800t>c c.t800c p.(m267t) p.(met267thr) c.805g>a c.g805a p.(v269m) p.(val269met) c.806t>c c.t806c p.(v269a) p.(val269ala) c.809t>c c.t809c p.(i270t) p.(ile270thr) c.810t>g c.t810g p.(i270m) p.(ile270met) c.811g>a c.g811a p.(g271s) p.(gly271ser) c.[811g>a; 937g>t*] c.g811a/g937t* p.(g271s/d313y*) p.(gly271ser/asp313tyr*) c.812g>a c.g812a p.(g271d) p.(gly271asp) c.823c>g c.c823g p.(l275v) p.(leu275val) c.827g>a c.g827a p.(s276n) p.(ser276asn) c.829t>g c.t829g p.(w277g) p.(trp277gly) c.831g>t or c.831g>c c.g831t or c.g831c p.(w277c) p.(trp277cys) c.832a>t c.a832t p.(n278y) p.(asn278tyr) c.835c>g c.c835g p.(q279e) p.(gln279glu) c.838c>a c.c838a p.(q280k) p.(gln280lys) c.840a>t or c.840a>c c.a840t or c.a840c p.(q280h) p.(gln280his) c.844a>g c.a844g p.(t282a) p.(thr282ala) c.845c>t c.c845t p.(t282i) p.(thr282ile) c.850a>g c.a850g p.(m284v) p.(met284val) c.851t>c c.t851c p.(m284t) p.(met284thr) c.860g>t c.g860t p.(w287l) p.(trp287leu) c.862g>c c.g862c p.(a288p) p.(ala288pro) c.866t>g c.t866g p.(i289s) p.(ile289ser) c.868a>c or c.868a>t c.a868c or c.a868t p.(m290l) p.(met290leu) c.869t>c c.t869c p.(m290t) p.(met290thr) c.870g>a or c.870g>c or c.870g>t c.g870a or c.g870c or c.g870t p.(m290i) p.(met290ile) c.871g>a c.g871a p.(a291t) p.(ala291thr) c.877c>a c.c877a p.(p293t) p.(pro293thr) c.881t>c c.t881c p.(l294s) p.(leu294ser) c.884t>g c.t884g p.(f295c) p.(phe295cys) c.886a>g c.a886g p.(m296v) p.(met296val) c.886a>t or c.886a>c c.a886t or c.a886c p.(m296l) p.(met296leu) c.887t>c c.t887c p.(m296t) p.(met296thr) c.888g>a or c.888g>t or c.888g>c c.g888a or c.g888t or c.g888c p.(m296i) p.(met296ile) c.893a>g c.a893g p.(n298s) p.(asn298ser) c.897c>g or c.897c>a c.c897g or c.c897a p.(d299e) p.(asp299glu) c.898c>t c.c898t p.(l300f) p.(leu300phe) c.899t>c c.t899c p.(l300p) p.(leu300pro) c.901c>g c.c901g p.(r301g) p.(arg301gly) c.902g>a c.g902a p.(r301q) p.(arg301gln) c.902g>c c.g902c p.(r301p) p.(arg301pro) c.902g>t c.g902t p.(r301l) p.(arg301leu) c.907a>t c.a907t p.(i303f) p.(ile303phe) c.908t>a c.t908a p.(i303n) p.(ile303asn) c.911g>a c.g911a p.(s304n) p.(ser304asn) c.911g>c c.g911c p.(s304t) p.(ser304thr) c.919g>a c.g919a p.(a307t) p.(ala307thr) c.922a>g c.a922g p.(k308e) p.(lys308glu) c.924a>t or c.924a>c c.a924t or c.a924c p.(k308n) p.(lys308asn) c.925g>c c.g925c p.(a309p) p.(ala309pro) c.926c>t c.c926t p.(a309v) p.(ala309val) c.928c>t c.c928t p.(l310f) p.(leu310phe) c.931c>g c.c931g p.(l311v) p.(leu311val) c.935a>g c.a935g p.(q312r) p.(gln312arg) c.936g>t or c.936g>c c.g936t or c.g936c p.(q312h) p.(gln312his) c.937g>t* c.g937t* p.(d313y*) p.(asp313tyr*) c.[937g>t*; 1232g>a] c.g937t*/g1232a p.(d313y*/g411d) p.(asp313tyr*/gly411asp) c.938a>g c.a938g p.(d313g) p.(asp313gly) c.946g>a c.g946a p.(v316i) p.(val316ile) c.947t>g c.t947g p.(v316g) p.(val316gly) c.950t>c c.t950c p.(i317t) p.(ile317thr) c.955a>t c.a955t p.(i319f) p.(ile319phe) c.956t>c c.t956c p.(i319t) p.(ile319thr) c.958a>c c.a958c p.(n320h) p.(asn320his) c.959a>t c.a959t p.(n320i) p.(asn320ile) c.962a>g c.a962g p.(q321r) p.(gln321arg) c.962a>t c.a962t p.(q321l) p.(gln321leu) c.963g>c or c.963g>t c.g963c or c.g963t p.(q321h) p.(gln321his) c.964g>a c.g964a p.(d322n) p.(asp322asn) c.964g>c c.g964c p.(d322h) p.(asp322his) c.966c>a or c.966c>g c.c966a or c.c966g p.(d322e) p.(asp322glu) c.967c>a c.c967a p.(p323t) p.(pro323thr) c.968c>g c.c968g p.(p323r) p.(pro323arg) c.973g>a c.g973a p.(g325s) p.(gly325ser) c.973g>c c.g973c p.(g325r) p.(gly325arg) c.978g>c or c.978g>t c.g978c or c.g978t p.(k326n) p.(lys326asn) c.979c>g c.c979g p.(q327e) p.(gln327glu) c.980a>t c.a980t p.(q327l) p.(gln327leu) c.983g>c c.g983c p.(g328a) p.(gly328ala) c.989a>g c.a989g p.(q330r) p.(gln330arg) c.1001g>a c.g1001a p.(g334e) p.(gly334glu) c.1010t>c c.t1010c p.(f337s) p.(phe337ser) c.1012g>a c.g1012a p.(e338k) p.(glu338lys) c.1013a>t c.a1013t p.(e338v) p.(glu338val) c.1016t>a c.t1016a p.(v339e) p.(val339glu) c.1027c>a c.c1027a p.(p343t) p.(pro343thr) c.1028c>t c.c1028t p.(p343l) p.(pro343leu) c.1033t>c c.t1033c p.(s345p) p.(ser345pro) c.1046g>c c.g1046c p.(w349s) p.(trp349ser) c.1055c>g c.c1055g p.(a352g) p.(ala352gly) c.1055c>t c.c1055t p.(a352v) p.(ala352val) c.1061t>a c.t1061a p.(i354k) p.(ile354lys) c.1066c>g c.c1066g p.(r356g) p.(arg356gly) c.1066c>t c.c1066t p.(r356w) p.(arg356trp) c.1067g>a c.g1067a p.(r356q) p.(arg356gln) c.1067g>c c.g1067c p.(r356p) p.(arg356pro) c.1072g>c c.g1072c p.(e358q) p.(glu358gln) c.1073a>c c.a1073c p.(e358a) p.(glu358ala) c.1073a>g c.a1073g p.(e358g) p.(glu358gly) c.1074g>t or c.1074g>c c.g1074t or c.g1074c p.(e358d) p.(glu358asp) c.1076t>c c.t1076c p.(i359t) p.(ile359thr) c.1078g>a c.g1078a p.(g360s) p.(gly360ser) c.1078g>t c.g1078t p.(g360c) p.(gly360cys) c.1079g>a c.g1079a p.(g360d) p.(gly360asp) c.1082g>a c.g1082a p.(g361e) p.(gly361glu) c.1082g>c c.g1082c p.(g361a) p.(gly361ala) c.1084c>a c.c1084a p.(p362t) p.(pro362thr) c.1085c>t c.c1085t p.(p362l) p.(pro362leu) c.1087c>t c.c1087t p.(r363c) p.(arg363cys) c.1088g>a c.g1088a p.(r363h) p.(arg363his) c.1102g>a c.g1102a p.(a368t) p.(ala368thr) c.1117g>a c.g1117a p.(g373s) p.(gly373ser) c.1124g>a c.g1124a p.(g375e) p.(gly375glu) c.1139c>t c.c1139t p.(p380l) p.(pro380leu) c.1153a>g c.a1153g p.(t385a) p.(tyr385ala) c.1168g>a c.g1168a p.(v390m) p.(val390met) c.1172a>c c.a1172c p.(k391t) p.(lys391thr) c.1184g>a c.g1184a p.(g395e) p.(gly395glu) c.1184g>c c.g1184c p.(g395a) p.(gly395ala) c.1192g>a c.g1192a p.(e398k) p.(glu398lys) c.1202_1203insgacttc c.1202_1203insgacttc p.(t400_s401dup) p.(thr400_ser401dup) c.1208t>c c.t1208c p.(l403s) p.(leu403ser) c.1225c>a c.c1225a p.(p409t) p.(pro409thr) c.1225c>g c.c1225g p.(p409a) p.(pro409ala) c.1225c>t c.c1225t p.(p409s) p.(pro409ser) c.1228a>g c.a1228g p.(t410a) p.(thr410ala) c.1229c>t c.c1229t p.(t410i) p.(thr410ile) c.1232g>a c.g1232a p.(g411d) p.(gly411asp) c.1234a>c c.a1234c p.(t412p) p.(thr412pro) c.1235c>a c.c1235a p.(t412n) p.(thr412asn) c.1253a>g c.a1253g p.(e418g) p.(glu418gly) c.1261a>g c.a1261g p.(m421v) p.(met421val) if a gla variant does not appear in table 2 , it is either non-amenable (if tested) or has not been tested for in vitro amenability. for further information, please contact amicus medical information at 1-877-4amicus or medinfousa@amicusrx.com.
Pharmacodynamics:
12.2 pharmacodynamics in study 1, 31 of 50 patients with amenable gla variants (18 on galafold, 13 on placebo) had lyso-gb 3 assessments available after 6 months of treatment. the median change from baseline to month 6 in plasma lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) was -2.37 (range -69.7, 1.8) in patients on galafold and 0.53 (range -21.5, 16.3) in patients on placebo. in the open-label treatment phase of study 1, the 13 patients who were initially on placebo for 6 months and who switched to galafold for another 6 months had a median change in lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) of -2.72 (range -61.1, -0.3). the 18 patients who were treated with galafold for 6 months and then continued galafold in the open-label treatment phase of study 1 for an additional 6 months had no further changes in plasma lyso-gb 3 . in study 2, 46 of 56 patients with amenable gla variants (31 on galafold, 15 on enzyme replacement therapy (ert)) had lyso-gb 3 assessments available after 18 months of treatment. the median change from baseline to month 18 in plasma lyso-gb 3 (nmol/l) was 0.53 (range -2.27, 28.3) in patients on galafold and -0.03 (range -11.9, 2.57) in patients on ert. cardiac electrophysiology at a dose approximately 8 times the recommended dose, galafold did not prolong the qt interval to any clinically relevant extent.
Pharmacokinetics:
12.3 pharmacokinetics absorption following a single galafold oral dose of 123 mg, the absolute bioavailability (auc) of migalastat was approximately 75% and the time to peak plasma concentration was approximately 3 hours. plasma migalastat exposure (auc 0-â and c max ) demonstrated dose-proportional increases at oral doses from 75 mg to 1250 mg (doses from 0.5 to 8.3-fold of the approved recommended dosage). migalastat does not accumulate following administration of 123 mg galafold every other day. effect of food: administration of galafold one hour before a high-fat (850 calories; 56% from fat) or light meal (507 calories; 30% from fat), or one hour after a light meal, reduced the mean migalastat auc 0-â by 37% to 42% and c max by 15% to 39% compared to the fasting state [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . effect of beverages: a single-dose, 6-way crossover pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 20 healthy subjects to evaluate plasma migalastat bioavailability of a 150
Read more... mg migalastat hcl capsule when administered with coffee and sweetened beverages relative to administration with water. the rate of absorption (t max ) of migalastat was not affected by administration of coffee or sweetened beverages in comparison to water. consumption of 280 ml of coffee containing approximately 190 mg caffeine at the time of dosing resulted in significant decrease in migalastat systemic exposure (mean reduction in auc 0-â by 57% and mean reduction in c max by 60%) when compared to water. the bioavailability of migalastat did not appreciably differ when administered with natural (sucrose: 8027 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1265 ng/ml c max ) and artificial (aspartame or acesulfame k: 9075 ng·h/ml, 8641 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1374 ng/ml, 1225 ng/ml c max respectively) sweeteners when compared to water (8613 ng·h/ml auc 0-â and 1328 ng/ml c max ) [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . distribution the apparent volume of distribution (v z /f) of migalastat in fabry patients was approximately 89 l (range: 77 to 133 l) at steady state. there was no detectable plasma protein binding following administration of [ 14 c]-migalastat in the concentration range between 1 to 100 microm. elimination metabolism: based upon in vivo data, migalastat is a substrate for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (udpgt), a minor elimination pathway. excretion: in a mass balance study in healthy male subjects, following oral administration of 123 mg [ 14 c]-migalastat, approximately 77% of the total radiolabeled dose was recovered in urine and 20% of the total radiolabeled dose was recovered in feces with an overall total recovery of 98% within 96 hours post-dose. in urine, unchanged migalastat accounted for 80% of the radioactivity, which equates to 62% of the administered dose. in feces, unchanged migalastat was the only drug-related component. in plasma, unchanged migalastat accounted for approximately 77% of the plasma radioactivity and three dehydrogenated o-glucuronide conjugated metabolites, m1 to m3, together accounted for approximately 13% of the plasma radioactivity, none of which comprised more than 6% of the radiolabeled dose. approximately 9% of the total radioactivity in plasma was unassigned. following a single oral dose of 123 mg galafold, migalastat is cleared from plasma with a mean half-life (t ½ ) of approximately 4 hours and apparent clearance of 12.5 l/hr. specific populations male and female patients: the pharmacokinetic characteristics of migalastat were not significantly different between healthy male and female subjects or patients with fabry disease. racial or ethnic groups: clinical data indicate no ethnic differences in patient populations studied with migalastat. patients with renal impairment: in a single-dose study in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment, exposure to migalastat (auc) was increased by 1.2-, 1.8-, and 4.3-fold in subjects with mild (egfr 60 to 90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), moderate (egfr 30 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), and severe renal impairment (egfr less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ), respectively, while the c max remained unchanged with severity of renal impairment [see use in specific populations ( 8.6 )] . drug interaction studies migalastat is not a known inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome p450 (cyp450) enzymes, nor is it an inhibitor of bcrp, mdr1, p-glycoprotein (p-gp), or bsep human efflux transporters, or oatp1b1, oatp1b3, oat1, oat3, oct1, oct2, mate1, or mate2-k human uptake transporters. migalastat is not a substrate of p-gp, bcrp, mdr1 or mate1, mate2-k, oat1, oat3, or oct2. migalastat showed low affinity for sglt1, as both a substrate and an inhibitor, and showed no activity for sglt2.
Nonclinical Toxicology:
13 nonclinical toxicology 13.1 carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility carcinogenesis the carcinogenic potential of migalastat was assessed in a 2-year study in rats and a 26-week study in tg.rash2 mice. in the 2-year rat study, migalastat was not tumorigenic at oral doses of up to 600 mg/kg twice daily (24 times the recommended dose based on auc). in the 26-week study in tg.rash2 mice, migalastat was not tumorigenic at oral doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day in males and 500 mg/kg/day in females. mutagenesis migalastat was negative in the bacterial mutagenicity (ames) assay, in vitro cell mutation assay in l5178y mouse lymphoma tk +/- cells, and in vivo micronucleus assay in rats. impairment of fertility oral administration of up to 12.5 mg/kg migalastat twice daily in rats (equivalent to the human auc at the recommended dose) produced a significant decrease in male fertility. this effect was completely reversed after four weeks of recovery. female fertility was not affected.
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility:
13.1 carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility carcinogenesis the carcinogenic potential of migalastat was assessed in a 2-year study in rats and a 26-week study in tg.rash2 mice. in the 2-year rat study, migalastat was not tumorigenic at oral doses of up to 600 mg/kg twice daily (24 times the recommended dose based on auc). in the 26-week study in tg.rash2 mice, migalastat was not tumorigenic at oral doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day in males and 500 mg/kg/day in females. mutagenesis migalastat was negative in the bacterial mutagenicity (ames) assay, in vitro cell mutation assay in l5178y mouse lymphoma tk +/- cells, and in vivo micronucleus assay in rats. impairment of fertility oral administration of up to 12.5 mg/kg migalastat twice daily in rats (equivalent to the human auc at the recommended dose) produced a significant decrease in male fertility. this effect was completely reversed after four weeks of recovery. female fertility was not affected.
Clinical Studies:
14 clinical studies study at1001-011 (referred to as study 1; nct00925301) included a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase followed by a 6-month open-label treatment phase and a 12-month open-label extension phase. patients received 123 mg galafold every other day taken without consuming food 2 hours before and 2 hours after each dose to give a minimum 4 hour fast [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . a total of 67 patients with fabry disease who were naïve to galafold and enzyme replacement therapy (ert) or were previously treated with ert (agalsidase beta or non-u.s. approved agalsidase alfa) and had been off ert for at least 6 months were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either galafold 123 mg every other day or placebo for the first 6 months. in the second 6 months, all patients were treated with galafold. results - patients with fabry disease with amenable gla variants of the 67 enrolled patients, 50 patients (32 females, 18 males) had amenable gla
Read more... variants based on the in vitro amenability assay [see clinical pharmacology ( 12.1 )] . the median age of this population was 45 years and 97% were caucasian. the major efficacy outcome measure of the average number of gl-3 inclusions per kidney interstitial capillary (kic) in renal biopsy samples was assessed by light microscopy before and after treatment. efficacy was evaluated after 6 months of treatment in 45 of 50 patients with amenable gla variants (29 females and 16 males) and with available histology data both at baseline and month 6. of the 45 evaluable patients, 25 received galafold (18 females, 7 males) and 20 received placebo (11 females, 9 males). the proportion of patients with ⥠50% reduction from baseline in the average number of gl-3 inclusions per kic and the median changes from baseline in the average number of gl-3 inclusions per kic after 6 months of treatment in study 1 are shown in table 3 . table 3: changes from baseline to month 6 in average number of gl-3 inclusions per kic in adults with fabry disease with amenable gla variants in study 1 (n = 45) galafold n/n (%) with ⥠50% reduction median change from baseline (range) placebo n/n (%) with ⥠50% reduction median change from baseline (range) all patients (n = 45) 13/25 (52%) -0.04 (-1.94, 0.26) 9/20 (45%) -0.03 (-1.00, 1.69) females (n = 29) 8/18 (44%) -0.02 (-0.46, 0.26) 5/11 (46%) -0.03 (-0.35, 0.10) males (n = 16) 5/7 (71%) -1.10 (-1.94, -0.02) 4/9 (44%) -0.03 (-1.00, 1.69) patients with baseline gl-3 ⥠0.3 (n = 17; 9 males, 8 females) 7/9 (78%) -0.91 (-1.94, 0.19) 2/8 (25%) -0.02 (-1.00, 1.69) patients with baseline gl-3 < 0.3 (n = 28; 7 males, 21 females) 6/16 (38%) -0.02 (-0.10, 0.26) 7/12 (58%) -0.05 (-0.16, 0.14) results - patients with fabry disease with non-amenable gla variants of the 67 enrolled patients in study 1, 17 patients had non-amenable gla variants. these patients had no change from baseline in the average number of gl-3 inclusions per kic after 6 months of treatment.
How Supplied:
16 how supplied/storage and handling galafold capsules are supplied as 123 mg migalastat, size â2â capsules with opaque blue cap and opaque white body filled with white to pale brown powder and imprinted with âa1001â in black ink. galafold capsules are packaged as two 7-count capsules blister strips with aluminum foil lidding encased in cardboard blister cards providing 14 capsules per wallet pack that supplies the drug product for 4 weeks (28 days). wallet pack containing 14 galafold capsules ndc 71904-100-01. store at usp controlled room temperature of 20° to 25°c (68° to 77°f) with excursions permitted between 15° and 30°c (59° and 86°f). store in the original packaging in order to protect from moisture.
Information for Patients:
17 patient counseling information advise the patient to read the fda-approved patient labeling ( patient information and instructions for use ). administration advise the patient: to take galafold once every other day at the same time of day (do not take galafold on 2 consecutive days). swallow capsules whole: do not cut, crush, or chew the capsules [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . take galafold on an empty stomach. do not consume food or caffeine at least 2 hours before and 2 hours after taking galafold to give a minimum 4 hours fast [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . water (plain, flavored, sweetened), fruit juices without pulp, and caffeine-free carbonated beverages can be consumed during the 4-hour fasting period [see dosage and administration ( 2.2 )] . if a dose is missed entirely for the day, take the missed dose only if it is within 12 hours of the normal time that the dose should have been taken. if more than 12 hours have passed, resume taking galafold at the
Read more...next planned dosing day and time, according to the every-other-day dosing schedule [see dosage and administration ( 2.3 )] . pregnancy and lactation study inform patients that there is a study that collects data on pregnant women with fabry disease, and data on the effects of galafold on lactation in women with fabry disease and their neonates and infants up to 1 year of age who are exposed through breast milk. encourage patients and/or caregivers to participate and advise them that their participation is voluntary [see use in specific populations ( 8.1 )]. manufactured for: amicus therapeutics us, llc 3675 market street philadelphia, pa 19104 galafold is a registered trademark of amicus therapeutics, inc.
Spl Patient Package Insert:
This patient information has been approved by the u.s. food and drug administration. revised: december 2022 patient information galafold ® (gal-a-fold) (migalastat) capsules what is galafold? galafold is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with fabry disease who have a certain genetic change (variant) in the galactosidase alpha gene ( gla ) that is responsive (amenable) to galafold. it is not known if galafold is safe and effective in children. before taking galafold, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have kidney problems. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. it is not known if galafold will harm your unborn baby. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. galafold may pass into your breast milk. talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take galafold. pregnancy and breastfeeding exposure study. there is a study that collects information on pregnant women with fabry disease and women wi
Read more...th fabry disease who take galafold and breastfeed a baby up to 1 year of age. the purpose of this study is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this study. tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. how should i take galafold? read the instructions for use at the end of this patient information leaflet for detailed instructions about the right way to take galafold. take 1 galafold capsule every other day at the same time of day. do not take galafold two days in a row. take galafold on an empty stomach. do not consume food or caffeine at least 2 hours before and 2 hours after taking galafold. you may drink water (plain, flavored, sweetened), fruit juices without pulp, and caffeine-free carbonated beverages during this 4-hour time when you cannot eat. swallow galafold capsules whole. do not cut, crush, or chew the galafold capsule. if you miss a dose of galafold, take the missed dose of galafold within 12 hours of your normal schedule. if more than 12 hours have passed, do not make up the missed dose. take your next dose of galafold at your next scheduled day and time according to your every-other-day dosing schedule. for example, if you miss a dose that you would normally take at 8:00 am, then you should take that dose before 8:00 pm on the same day. if you do not take the missed dose before 8:00 pm on the same day, you should take your next dose at 8:00 am on your next scheduled dosing day. what are the possible side effects of galafold? the most common side effects of galafold include: headache stuffy or runny nose and sore throat urinary tract infection nausea fever these are not all the possible side effects of galafold. call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1-800-fda-1088. you may also report side effects to amicus therapeutics at 1-877-426-4287. how should i store galafold? store galafold at room temperature between 68°f to 77°f (20°c to 25°c). keep galafold capsules in the blister card they come in to protect from moisture. keep galafold and all medicines out of the reach of children. general information about the safe and effective use of galafold. medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a patient information leaflet. do not use galafold for a condition for which it was not prescribed. do not give galafold to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. it may harm them. you can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about galafold that is written for health professionals. what are the ingredients in galafold? active ingredient: migalastat hydrochloride inactive ingredients: magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch. capsule shells contain gelatin, indigotine - fd&c blue 2, and titanium dioxide. the black ink contains black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, and shellac. manufactured for: amicus therapeutics us, llc, 3675 market street, philadelphia, pa 19104 galafold is a registered trademark of amicus therapeutics, inc. for more information, go to www.galafold.com or call 1-877-426-4287.
Package Label Principal Display Panel:
Principal display panel - ndc: 71904-100-01 - carton label (inner sleeve) carton label (inner sleeve)
Principal display panel - ndc: 71904-100-01 - carton label (outer sleeve) carton label (outer sleeve)