ith major depressive disorder (mdd) and other psychiatric disorders. short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24; there was a reduction with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults aged 65 and older. the pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents with mdd, obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd), or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 24 short-term trials of 9 antidepressant drugs in over 4400 patients. the pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in adults with mdd or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 295 short-term trials (median duration of 2 months) of 11 antidepressant drugs in over 77,000 patients. there was considerable variation in risk of suicidality among drugs, but a tendency toward an increase in the younger patients for almost all drugs studied. there were differences in absolute risk of suicidality across the different indications, with the highest incidence in mdd. the risk differences (drug vs placebo), however, were relatively stable within age strata and across indications. these risk differences (drug-placebo difference in the number of cases of suicidality per 1000 patients treated) are provided in table 1. table 1 age range drug-placebo difference in number of cases of suicidality per 1000 patients treated increases compared to placebo <18 14 additional cases 18–24 5 additional cases decreases compared to placebo 25–64 1 fewer case ≥65 6 fewer cases no suicides occurred in any of the pediatric trials. there were suicides in the adult trials, but the number was not sufficient to reach any conclusion about drug effect on suicide. it is unknown whether the suicidality risk extends to longer-term use, i.e., beyond several months. however, there is substantial evidence from placebo-controlled maintenance trials in adults with depression that the use of antidepressants can delay the recurrence of depression. all patients being treated with antidepressants for any indication should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes, either increases or decreases. the following symptoms, anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania, and mania, have been reported in adult and pediatric patients being treated with antidepressants for major depressive disorder as well as for other indications, both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric. although a causal link between the emergence of such symptoms and either the worsening of depression and/or the emergence of suicidal impulses has not been established, there is concern that such symptoms may represent precursors to emerging suicidality. consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients whose depression is persistently worse, or who are experiencing emergent suicidality or symptoms that might be precursors to worsening depression or suicidality, especially if these symptoms are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms. families and caregivers of patients being treated with antidepressants for major depressive disorder or other indications, both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric, should be alerted about the need to monitor patients for the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, and the other symptoms described above, as well as the emergence of suicidality, and to report such symptoms immediately to health care providers. such monitoring should include daily observation by families and caregivers. prescriptions for phenelzine sulfate should be written for the smallest quantity of tablets consistent with good patient management, in order to reduce the risk of overdose. screening patients for bipolar disorder a major depressive episode may be the initial presentation of bipolar disorder. it is generally believed (though not established in controlled trials) that treating such an episode with an antidepressant alone may increase the likelihood of precipitation of a mixed/manic episode in patients at risk for bipolar disorder. whether any of the symptoms described above represent such a conversion is unknown. however, prior to initiating treatment with an antidepressant, patients with depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression. it should be noted that phenelzine sulfate is not approved for use in treating bipolar depression. it should be noted that phenelzine sulfate is not approved for use in treating any indications in the pediatric population. the most serious reactions to phenelzine sulfate involve changes in blood pressure. hypertensive crises the most important reaction associated with phenelzine sulfate administration is the occurrence of hypertensive crises, which have sometimes been fatal. these crises are characterized by some or all of the following symptoms: occipital headache which may radiate frontally, palpitation, neck stiffness or soreness, nausea, vomiting, sweating (sometimes with fever and sometimes with cold, clammy skin), dilated pupils, and photophobia. either tachycardia or bradycardia may be present and can be associated with constricting chest pain. note: intracranial bleeding has been reported in association with the increase in blood pressure. blood pressure should be observed frequently to detect evidence of any pressor response in all patients receiving phenelzine sulfate. therapy should be discontinued immediately upon the occurrence of palpitation or frequent headaches during therapy. recommended treatment in hypertensive crisis if a hypertensive crisis occurs, phenelzine sulfate should be discontinued immediately and therapy to lower blood pressure should be instituted immediately. on the basis of present evidence, phentolamine is recommended. (the dosage reported for phentolamine is 5 mg intravenously.) care should be taken to administer this drug slowly in order to avoid producing an excessive hypotensive effect. fever should be managed by means of external cooling. warning to the patient all patients should be warned that the following foods, beverages, and medications must be avoided while taking phenelzine sulfate, and for two weeks after discontinuing use. foods and beverages to avoid meat and fish pickled herring liver dry sausage (including genoa salami, hard salami, pepperoni, and lebanon bologna) vegetables broad bean pods (fava bean pods) sauerkraut dairy products cheese (cottage cheese and cream cheese are allowed) yogurt beverages beer and wine alcohol-free and reduced-alcohol beer and wine products miscellaneous yeast extract (including brewer's yeast in large quantities) meat extract excessive amounts of chocolate and caffeine also, any spoiled or improperly refrigerated, handled, or stored protein-rich foods such as meats, fish, and dairy products, including foods that may have undergone protein changes by aging, pickling, fermentation, or smoking to improve flavor should be avoided. otc medications to avoid cold and cough preparations (including those containing dextromethorphan) nasal decongestants (tablets, drops, or spray) hay-fever medications sinus medications asthma inhalant medications antiappetite medicines weight-reducing preparations "pep" pills l-tryptophan containing preparations also, certain prescription drugs should be avoided. therefore, patients under the care of another physician or dentist should inform him/her that they are taking phenelzine sulfate. patients should be warned that the use of the above foods, beverages, or medications may cause a reaction characterized by headache and other serious symptoms due to a rise in blood pressure, with the exception of dextromethorphan which may cause reactions similar to those seen with meperidine. also, there has been a report of an interaction between phenelzine sulfate and dextromethorphan (ingested as a lozenge) causing drowsiness and bizarre behavior. patients should be instructed to report promptly the occurrence of headache or other unusual symptoms. concomitant use with dibenzazepine derivative drugs if the decision is made to administer phenelzine sulfate concurrently with other antidepressant drugs, or within less than 10 days after discontinuation of antidepressant therapy, the patient should be cautioned by the physician regarding the possibility of adverse drug interaction. a list of dibenzazepine derivative drugs by generic name follows: nortriptyline hydrochloride amitriptyline hydrochloride perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride imipramine hydrochloride doxepin carbamazepine cyclobenzaprine hcl amoxapine maprotiline hcl trimipramine maleate protriptyline hcl mirtazapine phenelzine sulfate should be used with caution in combination with antihypertensive drugs, including thiazide diuretics and β-blockers, since exaggerated hypotensive effects may result. use in pregnancy the safe use of phenelzine sulfate during pregnancy or lactation has not been established. the potential benefit of this drug, if used during pregnancy, lactation, or in women of childbearing age, should be weighed against the possible hazard to the mother or fetus. doses of phenelzine sulfate in pregnant mice well exceeding the maximum recommended human dose have caused a significant decrease in the number of viable offspring per mouse. in addition, the growth of young dogs and rats has been retarded by doses exceeding the maximum human dose.

nce. less common mild to moderate side effects (some of which have been reported in a single patient or by a single physician) include: nervous system —jitteriness, palilalia, euphoria, nystagmus, paresthesias. genitourinary —urinary retention. metabolic —hypernatremia. dermatologic —pruritus, skin rash, sweating. special senses —blurred vision, glaucoma. although reported less frequently, and sometimes only once, additional severe side effects include: nervous system —ataxia, shock-like coma, toxic delirium, manic reaction, convulsions, acute anxiety reaction, precipitation of schizophrenia, transient respiratory and cardiovascular depression following ect. gastrointestinal —to date, fatal progressive necrotizing hepatocellular damage has been reported in very few patients. reversible jaundice. hematologic —leukopenia. immunologic —lupus-like syndrome metabolic —hypermetabolic syndrome (which may include, but is not limited to, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, muscular rigidity, elevated ck levels, metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, coma and may resemble an overdose). respiratory —edema of the glottis. general —fever associated with increased muscle tone. withdrawal may be associated with nausea, vomiting, and malaise. an uncommon withdrawal syndrome following abrupt withdrawal of phenelzine sulfate has been infrequently reported. signs and symptoms of this syndrome generally commence 24 to 72 hours after drug discontinuation and may range from vivid nightmares with agitation to frank psychosis and convulsions. this syndrome generally responds to reinstitution of low-dose phenelzine sulfate therapy followed by cautious downward titration and discontinuation.

ve and hypotensive patients. blood pressure usually returns to pretreatment levels rapidly when the drug is discontinued or the dosage is reduced. because the effect of phenelzine sulfate on the convulsive threshold may be variable, adequate precautions should be taken when treating epileptic patients. of the more severe side effects that have been reported with any consistency, hypomania has been the most common. this reaction has been largely limited to patients in whom disorders characterized by hyperkinetic symptoms coexist with, but are obscured by, depressive affect; hypomania usually appeared as depression improved. if agitation is present, it may be increased with phenelzine sulfate. hypomania and agitation have also been reported at higher than recommended doses or following long-term therapy. phenelzine sulfate may cause excessive stimulation in schizophrenic patients; in manic-depressive states it may result in a swing from a depressive to a manic phase. phenelzine sulfate should be used with caution in diabetes mellitus; increased insulin sensitivity may occur. requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycemics may be decreased. mao inhibitors, including phenelzine sulfate, potentiate hexobarbital hypnosis in animals. therefore, barbiturates should be given at a reduced dose with phenelzine sulfate. mao inhibitors inhibit the destruction of serotonin and norepinephrine, which are believed to be released from tissue stores by rauwolfia alkaloids. accordingly, caution should be exercised when rauwolfia is used concomitantly with an mao inhibitor, including phenelzine sulfate. there is conflicting evidence as to whether or not mao inhibitors affect glucose metabolism or potentiate hypoglycemic agents. this should be kept in mind if phenelzine sulfate is administered to diabetics.

or pathway. elimination the mean elimination half-life after a single 30 mg dose is 11.6 hours. multiple dose pharmacokinetics have not been studied in man.

suicide risk patients, their families, and their caregivers should be encouraged to be alert to the emergence of anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania, mania, other unusual changes in behavior, worsening of depression, and suicidal ideation, especially early during antidepressant treatment and when the dose is adjusted up or down. families and caregivers of patients should be advised to look for the emergence of such symptoms on a day-to-day basis, since changes may be abrupt. such symptoms should be reported to the patient's prescriber or health professional, especially if they are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms. symptoms such as these may be associated with an increased risk for suicidal thinking and behavior and indicate a need for very close monitoring and possibly changes in the medication.