metidine, certain protease inhibitors increased exposure of amiodarone. avoid concomitant use. cyp450 inducers st. john's wort reduced amiodarone serum levels. cyclosporine increased plasma levels of cyclosporine have been reported resulting in elevated creatinine, despite reduction of cyclosporine dose. monitor cyclosporine drug levels and renal function with concomitant use. cholestyramine reduced amiodarone serum levels. antiarrhythmics quinidine, procainamide, flecainide reserve concomitant use for patients who are unresponsive to a single agent. antiarrhythmic metabolism inhibited by amiodarone. initiate antiarrhythmic at a lower than usual dose and monitor patient carefully. reduce dose levels of previously administered antiarrhythmic by 30 to 50% for several days after transitioning to oral amiodarone. evaluate continued need for antiarrhythmic. digoxin increased digoxin concentration. reduce digoxin by half or discontinue. if continued, monitor for evidence of toxicity. hmg-coa reductase inhibitors simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin increased plasma concentration of hmg-coa reductase inhibitor. limit the dose of lovastatin to 40 mg. limit the coadministered dose of simvastatin to 20 mg. lower starting dose of other cyp3a4 substrates may be required. warfarin potentiates anticoagulant response and can result in serious or fatal bleeding. coadministration increases prothrombin time by 100% after 3 to 4 days. reduce warfarin dose by one-third to one-half and monitor prothrombin times. phenytoin increased steady-state levels of phenytoin. monitor phenytoin levels. hepatitis c direct acting antiviral sofosbuvir cases of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia requiring pacemaker insertion have been reported in patients on oral maintenance amiodarone who initiated therapy with sofosbuvir. cyp3a substrate lidocaine sinus bradycardia has been reported with oral amiodarone in combination with lidocaine given for local anesthesia. monitor heart rate. a lower starting dose of lidocaine may be required. cyp3a substrate fentanyl fentanyl in combination with amiodarone may cause hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output. • avoid coadministration of amiodarone with other antiarrhythmics and drugs known to prolong the qt interval. ( 7 ) • amiodarone is a substrate for cyp3a and cyp2c8, so inhibitors and inducers affect amiodarone exposure. ( 7 ) • amiodarone inhibits p-glycoprotein and cyp1a2, cyp2c9, cyp2d6, and cyp3a, increasing exposure to other drugs. ( 7 )

or direct toxicity as represented by hypersensitivity pneumonitis (including eosinophilic pneumonia) or interstitial/alveolar pneumonitis, respectively. rates of pulmonary toxicity have been reported to be as high as 17% and is fatal in about 10% of cases. obtain a baseline chest x-ray and pulmonary-function tests, including diffusion capacity, when amiodarone hydrochloride therapy is initiated. repeat history, physical exam, and chest x-ray every 3 to 6 months or if symptoms occur. consider alternative antiarrhythmic therapy if the patient experiences signs or symptoms of pulmonary toxicity. prednisone 40 to 60 mg/day tapered over several weeks may be helpful in treating pulmonary toxicity. adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards) postoperatively, occurrences of ards have been reported in patients receiving amiodarone hydrochloride therapy who have undergone either cardiac or noncardiac surgery. although patients usually respond well to vigorous respiratory therapy, in rare instances the outcome has been fatal. 5.3 hepatic injury asymptomatic elevations of hepatic enzyme levels are seen frequently, but amiodarone hydrochloride can cause life-threatening hepatic injury. histology has resembled that of alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. obtain baseline and periodic liver transaminases. if transaminases exceed three times normal, or doubles in a patient with an elevated baseline, discontinue or reduce dose of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets, obtain follow-up tests and treat appropriately. 5.4 worsened arrhythmia amiodarone hydrochloride tablets can exacerbate the presenting arrhythmia in about 2 to 5% of patients or cause new ventricular fibrillation, incessant ventricular tachycardia, increased resistance to cardioversion, and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with qtc prolongation (torsade de pointes [tdp]). correct hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia before initiating treatment with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets, as these disorders can exaggerate the degree of qtc prolongation and increase the potential for tdp. give special attention to electrolyte and acid-base balance in patients experiencing severe or prolonged diarrhea or receiving drugs affecting electrolyte levels, such as diuretics, laxatives, systemic corticosteroids, or amphotericin b. 5.5 visual impairment and loss of vision optic neuropathy and optic neuritis cases of optic neuropathy and optic neuritis, usually resulting in visual impairment and sometimes permanent blindness, have been reported in patients treated with amiodarone and may occur at any time during therapy. if symptoms of visual impairment appear, such as changes in visual acuity and decreases in peripheral vision, consider discontinuing amiodarone hydrochloride tablets and promptly refer for ophthalmic examination. regular ophthalmic examination, including funduscopy and slit-lamp examination, is recommended during administration of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets [see adverse reactions (6.1) ] . corneal microdeposits corneal microdeposits appear in the majority of adults treated with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets. they are usually discernible only by slit-lamp examination, but give rise to symptoms such as visual halos or blurred vision in as many as 10% of patients. corneal microdeposits are reversible upon reduction of dose or termination of treatment. asymptomatic microdeposits alone are not a reason to reduce dose or discontinue treatment [see adverse reactions (6.1) ] . 5.6 thyroid abnormalities amiodarone hydrochloride inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine (t 4 ) to triiodothyronine (t 3 ) and may cause increased thyroxine levels, decreased t 3 levels, and increased levels of inactive reverse t 3 (rt 3 ) in clinically euthyroid patients. amiodarone hydrochloride tablets can cause either hypothyroidism (reported in up to 10% of patients) or hyperthyroidism (occurring in about 2% of patients). monitor thyroid function prior to treatment and periodically thereafter, particularly in elderly patients, and in any patient with a history of thyroid nodules, goiter, or other thyroid dysfunction. hyperthyroidism may induce arrhythmia breakthrough. if any new signs of arrhythmia appear, the possibility of hyperthyroidism should be considered. antithyroid drugs, β-adrenergic blockers, temporary corticosteroid therapy may be necessary to treat the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. the action of antithyroid drugs may be delayed in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis because of substantial quantities of preformed thyroid hormones stored in the gland. radioactive iodine therapy is contraindicated because of the low radioiodine uptake associated with amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism. amiodarone hydrochloride-induced hyperthyroidism may be followed by a transient period of hypothyroidism. hypothyrodism may be primary or subsequent to resolution of preceding amiodarone hydrochloride-induced hyperthyroidism. severe hypothyroidism and myxedema coma, sometimes fatal, have been reported in association with amiodarone therapy. in some clinically hypothyroid amiodarone-treated patients, free thyroxine index values may be normal. manage hypothyroidism by reducing the dose of or discontinuing amiodarone hydrochloride tablets and thyroid hormone supplementation. 5.7 bradycardia amiodarone hydrochloride causes symptomatic bradycardia or sinus arrest with suppression of escape foci in 2 to 4% of patients. the risk is increased by electrolytic disorders or use of concomitant antiarrhythmics or negative chronotropes [see drug interactions (7) ] . bradycardia may require a pacemaker for rate control. postmarketing cases of symptomatic bradycardia, some requiring pacemaker insertion and at least one fatal, have been reported when ledipasvir/sofosbuvir or sofosbuvir with simeprevir were initiated in patients on amiodarone. bradycardia generally occurred within hours to days, but in some cases presented up to 2 weeks after initiating antiviral treatment. bradycardia generally resolved after discontinuation of antiviral treatment. the mechanism for this effect is unknown. monitor heart rate in patients taking or recently discontinuing amiodarone hydrochloride tablets when starting antiviral treatment [see drug interactions (7) ] . 5.8 implantable cardiac devices in patients with implanted defibrillators or pacemakers, chronic administration of antiarrhythmic drugs may affect pacing or defibrillation thresholds. therefore, at the inception of and during amiodarone treatment, pacing and defibrillation thresholds should be assessed. 5.9 fetal toxicity amiodarone hydrochloride tablets may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. fetal exposure may increase the potential for cardiac, thyroid, neurodevelopmental, neurological, and growth effects in neonate [see use in specific populations (8.1) ] . 5.10 peripheral neuropathy chronic administration of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets may lead to peripheral neuropathy, which may not resolve when amiodarone is discontinued. 5.11 photosensitivity and skin discoloration amiodarone hydrochloride induces photosensitization in about 10% of patients; some protection may be afforded sun-barrier creams or protective clothing. during long-term treatment, a blue-gray discoloration of the exposed skin may occur. the risk may be increased in patients of fair complexion or those with excessive sun exposure. some reversal of discoloration may occur upon drug discontinuation. 5.12 surgery volatile anesthetic agents patients on amiodarone hydrochloride tablets therapy may be more sensitive to the myocardial depressant and conduction effects of halogenated inhalational anesthetics.

the maintenance dose, usually 400 mg/day. administration: administer amiodarone hydrochloride tablets consistently with regard to meals [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ] . administration of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets in divided doses with meals is suggested for total daily doses of 1000 mg or higher, or when gastrointestinal intolerance occurs.

t 1-866-923-4914 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 clinical trials experience because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. at the usual maintenance dose (400 mg/day) and above, amiodarone hydrochloride causes adverse reactions in about three-fourths of all patients, resulting in discontinuation in 7 to 18%. in surveys of almost 5,000 patients treated in open u.s. studies and in published reports of treatment with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets, the adverse reactions most frequently requiring discontinuation of amiodarone hydrochloride included pulmonary infiltrates or fibrosis, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, congestive heart failure, and elevation of liver enzymes. other symptoms causing discontinuations less often included visual disturbances, photosensitivity, blue skin discoloration, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. the following side-effect rates are based on a retrospective study of 241 patients treated for 2 to 1,515 days (mean 441.3 days): thyroid common: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism. cardiovascular common: congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, sa node dysfunction. gastrointestinal very common: nausea, vomiting. common: constipation, anorexia, abdominal pain. dermatologic common: solar dermatitis/photosensitivity. neurologic common: malaise and fatigue, tremor/abnormal involuntary movements, lack of coordination, abnormal gait/ataxia, dizziness, paresthesias, decreased libido, insomnia, headache, sleep disturbances. ophthalmic common: visual disturbances. hepatic common: abnormal liver-function tests, nonspecific hepatic disorders. respiratory common: pulmonary inflammation or fibrosis. other common: flushing, abnormal taste and smell, edema, abnormal salivation, coagulation abnormalities. uncommon: blue skin discoloration, rash, spontaneous ecchymosis, alopecia, hypotension, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. 6.2 postmarketing experience the following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of amiodarone hydrochloride. because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. hematologic: hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, granuloma. immune: anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction (including shock), angioedema. neurologic: pseudotumor cerebri, parkinsonian symptoms such as akinesia and bradykinesia (sometimes reversible with discontinuation of therapy), demyelinating polyneuropathy. psychiatric: hallucination, confusional state, disorientation, delirium. cardiac: hypotension (sometimes fatal), sinus arrest. respiratory: eosinophilic pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome in the post-operative setting, bronchospasm, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pleuritis. gastrointestinal: pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis. hepatic: hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis, cirrhosis. skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: urticaria, toxic epidermal necrolysis (sometimes fatal), erythema multiforme, stevens-johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, bullous dermatitis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress), eczema, pruritus, skin cancer, lupus-like syndrome. musculoskeletal: myopathy, muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis. renal: renal impairment, renal insufficiency, acute renal failure. reproductive: epididymitis, impotence. body as a whole: fever, dry mouth. endocrine and metabolic: thyroid nodules/thyroid cancer, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (siadh). vascular: vasculitis.

metidine, certain protease inhibitors increased exposure of amiodarone. avoid concomitant use. cyp450 inducers st. john's wort reduced amiodarone serum levels. cyclosporine increased plasma levels of cyclosporine have been reported resulting in elevated creatinine, despite reduction of cyclosporine dose. monitor cyclosporine drug levels and renal function with concomitant use. cholestyramine reduced amiodarone serum levels. antiarrhythmics quinidine, procainamide, flecainide reserve concomitant use for patients who are unresponsive to a single agent. antiarrhythmic metabolism inhibited by amiodarone. initiate antiarrhythmic at a lower than usual dose and monitor patient carefully. reduce dose levels of previously administered antiarrhythmic by 30 to 50% for several days after transitioning to oral amiodarone. evaluate continued need for antiarrhythmic. digoxin increased digoxin concentration. reduce digoxin by half or discontinue. if continued, monitor for evidence of toxicity. hmg-coa reductase inhibitors simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin increased plasma concentration of hmg-coa reductase inhibitor. limit the dose of lovastatin to 40 mg. limit the coadministered dose of simvastatin to 20 mg. lower starting dose of other cyp3a4 substrates may be required. warfarin potentiates anticoagulant response and can result in serious or fatal bleeding. coadministration increases prothrombin time by 100% after 3 to 4 days. reduce warfarin dose by one-third to one-half and monitor prothrombin times. phenytoin increased steady-state levels of phenytoin. monitor phenytoin levels. hepatitis c direct acting antiviral sofosbuvir cases of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia requiring pacemaker insertion have been reported in patients on oral maintenance amiodarone who initiated therapy with sofosbuvir. cyp3a substrate lidocaine sinus bradycardia has been reported with oral amiodarone in combination with lidocaine given for local anesthesia. monitor heart rate. a lower starting dose of lidocaine may be required. cyp3a substrate fentanyl fentanyl in combination with amiodarone may cause hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output. • avoid coadministration of amiodarone with other antiarrhythmics and drugs known to prolong the qt interval. ( 7 ) • amiodarone is a substrate for cyp3a and cyp2c8, so inhibitors and inducers affect amiodarone exposure. ( 7 ) • amiodarone inhibits p-glycoprotein and cyp1a2, cyp2c9, cyp2d6, and cyp3a, increasing exposure to other drugs. ( 7 )

f major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. all pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. clinical considerations disease-associated maternal and or embryo/fetal risk the incidence of ventricular tachycardia is increased and may be more symptomatic during pregnancy. ventricular arrhythmias most often occur in pregnant women with underlying cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, or mitral valve prolapse. most tachycardia episodes are initiated by ectopic beats and the occurrence of arrhythmia episodes may therefore, increase during pregnancy due to the increased propensity to ectopic activity. breakthrough arrhythmias may also occur during pregnancy, as therapeutic treatment levels may be difficult to maintain due to the increased volume of distribution and increased drug metabolism inherent in the pregnant state. fetal/neonatal adverse reactions amiodarone and its metabolite have been shown to cross the placenta. adverse fetal effects associated with maternal amiodarone use during pregnancy may include neonatal bradycardia, qt prolongation, and periodic ventricular extrasystoles, neonatal hypothyroidism (with or without goiter) detected antenatally or in the newborn and reported even after a few days of exposure, neonatal hyperthyroxinemia, neurodevelopmental abnormalities independent of thyroid function, including speech delay and difficulties with written language and arithmetic, delayed motor development, and ataxia, jerk nystagmus with synchronous head titubation, fetal growth restriction, and premature birth. monitor the newborn for signs and symptoms of thyroid disorder and cardiac arrhythmias. labor and delivery risk of arrhythmias may increase during labor and delivery. patients treated with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets should be monitored continuously during labor and delivery [see warnings and precautions (5.4) ] . data animal data in pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis, amiodarone hydrochloride in doses of 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.4 and 0.9 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human maintenance dose 600 mg in a 60 kg patient (doses compared on a body surface area basis) ) had no adverse effects on the fetus. in the rabbit, 75 mg/kg/day (approximately 2.7 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ) caused abortions in greater than 90% of the animals. in the rat, doses of 50 mg/kg/day or more were associated with slight displacement of the testes and an increased incidence of incomplete ossification of some skull and digital bones; at 100 mg/kg/day or more, fetal body weights were reduced; at 200 mg/kg/day, there was an increased incidence of fetal resorption. (these doses in the rat are approximately 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ) adverse effects on fetal growth and survival also were noted in one of two strains of mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.04 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ). 8.2 lactation risk summary amiodarone and one of its major metabolites, dea, are present in breastmilk at between 3.5% and 45% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage of amiodarone. there are cases of hypothyroidism and bradycardia in breastfed infants, although it is unclear if these effects are due to amiodarone exposure in breastmilk. breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets [see warnings and precautions (5.6 , 5.7) ] . 8.3 females and males of reproductive potential infertility based on animal fertility studies, amiodarone hydrochloride tablets may reduce female and male fertility. it is not known if this effect is reversible [see nonclinical toxicology (13.1) ] . 8.4 pediatric use the safety and effectiveness of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 geriatric use normal subjects over 65 years of age show lower clearances and increased drug half-life than younger subjects [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ] . in general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

loss or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. clinical considerations disease-associated maternal and or embryo/fetal risk the incidence of ventricular tachycardia is increased and may be more symptomatic during pregnancy. ventricular arrhythmias most often occur in pregnant women with underlying cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, or mitral valve prolapse. most tachycardia episodes are initiated by ectopic beats and the occurrence of arrhythmia episodes may therefore, increase during pregnancy due to the increased propensity to ectopic activity. breakthrough arrhythmias may also occur during pregnancy, as therapeutic treatment levels may be difficult to maintain due to the increased volume of distribution and increased drug metabolism inherent in the pregnant state. fetal/neonatal adverse reactions amiodarone and its metabolite have been shown to cross the placenta. adverse fetal effects associated with maternal amiodarone use during pregnancy may include neonatal bradycardia, qt prolongation, and periodic ventricular extrasystoles, neonatal hypothyroidism (with or without goiter) detected antenatally or in the newborn and reported even after a few days of exposure, neonatal hyperthyroxinemia, neurodevelopmental abnormalities independent of thyroid function, including speech delay and difficulties with written language and arithmetic, delayed motor development, and ataxia, jerk nystagmus with synchronous head titubation, fetal growth restriction, and premature birth. monitor the newborn for signs and symptoms of thyroid disorder and cardiac arrhythmias. labor and delivery risk of arrhythmias may increase during labor and delivery. patients treated with amiodarone hydrochloride tablets should be monitored continuously during labor and delivery [see warnings and precautions (5.4) ] . data animal data in pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis, amiodarone hydrochloride in doses of 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.4 and 0.9 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human maintenance dose 600 mg in a 60 kg patient (doses compared on a body surface area basis) ) had no adverse effects on the fetus. in the rabbit, 75 mg/kg/day (approximately 2.7 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ) caused abortions in greater than 90% of the animals. in the rat, doses of 50 mg/kg/day or more were associated with slight displacement of the testes and an increased incidence of incomplete ossification of some skull and digital bones; at 100 mg/kg/day or more, fetal body weights were reduced; at 200 mg/kg/day, there was an increased incidence of fetal resorption. (these doses in the rat are approximately 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ) adverse effects on fetal growth and survival also were noted in one of two strains of mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.04 times the maximum recommended human maintenance dose ).

r (av) node. its vasodilatory action can decrease cardiac workload and consequently myocardial oxygen consumption. amiodarone hydrochloride prolongs the duration of the action potential of all cardiac fibers while causing minimal reduction of dv/dt (maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential). the refractory period is prolonged in all cardiac tissues. amiodarone hydrochloride increases the cardiac refractory period without influencing resting membrane potential, except in automatic cells where the slope of the prepotential is reduced, generally reducing automaticity. these electrophysiologic effects are reflected in a decreased sinus rate of 15 to 20%, increased pr and qt intervals of about 10%, the development of u-waves, and changes in t-wave contour. these changes should not require discontinuation of amiodarone hydrochloride tablets as they are evidence of its pharmacological action, although amiodarone hydrochloride tablets can cause marked sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest and heart block [see warnings and precautions (5.4) ] . hemodynamics in animal studies and after intravenous administration in man, amiodarone hydrochloride relaxes vascular smooth muscle, reduces peripheral vascular resistance (afterload), and slightly increases cardiac index. after oral dosing, however, amiodarone hydrochloride produces no significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction (lvef), even in patients with depressed lvef. after acute intravenous dosing in man, amiodarone hydrochloride tablets may have a mild negative inotropic effect. 12.2 pharmacodynamics there is no well-established relationship between plasma concentration and effectiveness, but it does appear that concentrations much below 1 mg/l are often ineffective and that levels above 2.5 mg/l are generally not needed. plasma-concentration measurements can be used to identify patients whose levels are unusually low, and who might benefit from a dose increase, or unusually high, and who might have dosage reduction in the hope of minimizing side effects. effects on abnormal rhythms are not seen before 2 to 3 days and usually require 1 to 3 weeks, even when a loading dose is used. there may be a continued increase in effect for longer periods still. there is evidence that the time to effect is shorter when a loading-dose regimen is used. consistent with the slow rate of elimination, antiarrhythmic effects persist for weeks or months after amiodarone hydrochloride is discontinued, but the time of recurrence is variable and unpredictable. in general, when the drug is resumed after recurrence of the arrhythmia, control is established relatively rapidly compared to the initial response, presumably because tissue stores were not wholly depleted. 12.3 pharmacokinetics absorption following oral administration in humans, amiodarone hydrochloride is slowly and variably absorbed. the bioavailability of amiodarone hydrochloride is approximately 50%. maximum plasma concentrations are attained 3 to 7 hours after a single dose. plasma concentrations with chronic dosing at 100 to 600 mg/day are approximately dose proportional, with a mean 0.5 mg/l increase for each 100 mg/day. these means, however, include considerable individual variability. food increases the rate and extent of absorption of amiodarone hydrochloride. the effects of food upon the bioavailability of amiodarone hydrochloride have been studied in 30 healthy subjects who received a single 600-mg dose immediately after consuming a high-fat meal and following an overnight fast. the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (auc) and the peak plasma concentration (c max ) of amiodarone hydrochloride increased by 2.3 (range 1.7 to 3.6) and 3.8 (range 2.7 to 4.4) times, respectively, in the presence of food. food also increased the rate of absorption of amiodarone hydrochloride, decreasing the time to peak plasma concentration (t max ) by 37%. the mean auc and mean c max of the major metabolite of amiodarone, dea increased by 55% (range 58 to 101%) and 32% (range 4 to 84%), respectively, but there was no change in the t max in the presence of food. distribution amiodarone hydrochloride is highly protein-bound (approximately 96%). amiodarone hydrochloride has a very large but variable volume of distribution, averaging about 60 l/kg, because of extensive accumulation in various sites, especially adipose tissue and highly perfused organs, such as the liver, lung, and spleen. one major metabolite of amiodarone hydrochloride, dea, has been identified in man; it accumulates to an even greater extent in almost all tissues. no data are available on the activity of dea in humans, but in animals, it has significant electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects generally similar to amiodarone itself. dea's precise role and contribution to the antiarrhythmic activity of oral amiodarone are not certain. the development of maximal ventricular class iii effects after oral amiodarone hydrochloride administration in humans correlates more closely with dea accumulation over time than with amiodarone accumulation. elimination following single dose administration in 12 healthy subjects, amiodarone hydrochloride exhibited multi-compartmental pharmacokinetics with a mean apparent plasma terminal elimination half-life of 58 days (range 15 to 142 days) for amiodarone and 36 days (range 14 to 75 days) for the active metabolite (dea). in patients, following discontinuation of chronic oral therapy, amiodarone hydrochloride has been shown to have a biphasic elimination with an initial 50% reduction of plasma levels after 2.5 to 10 days. a much slower terminal plasma-elimination phase shows a half-life of the parent compound ranging from 26 to 107 days, with a mean of approximately 53 days and most patients in the 40- to 55-day range. in the absence of a loading-dose period, steady-state plasma concentrations, at constant oral dosing, would therefore be reached between 130 and 535 days, with an average of 265 days. for the metabolite, the mean plasma-elimination half-life was approximately 61 days. these data probably reflect an initial elimination of drug from well-perfused tissue (the 2.5- to 10-day half-life phase), followed by a terminal phase representing extremely slow elimination from poorly perfused tissue compartments such as fat. the considerable inter-subject variation in both phases of elimination, as well as uncertainty as to what compartment is critical to drug effect, requires attention to individual responses once arrhythmia control is achieved with loading doses because the correct maintenance dose is determined, in part, by the elimination rates. individualize maintenance doses of amiodarone hydrochloride [see dosage and administration (2) ] . metabolism amiodarone is metabolized to dea by the cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzyme group, specifically cyp3a and cyp2c8. the cyp3a isoenzyme is present in both the liver and intestines. in vitro , amiodarone and dea exhibit a potential to inhibit cyp2c9, cyp2c19, cyp2d6, cyp3a, cyp2a6, cyp2b6 and cyp2c8. amiodarone and dea have also a potential to inhibit some transporters such as p-glycoprotein and organic cation transporter (oct2). excretion amiodarone is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion and there is negligible excretion of amiodarone or dea in urine. neither amiodarone nor dea is dialyzable. specific populations effect of age: normal subjects over 65 years of age show lower clearances (about 100 ml/hr/kg) than younger subjects (about 150 ml/hr/kg) and an increase in t ½ from about 20 to 47 days. renal impairment: renal impairment does not influence the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone or dea. hepatic impairment: after a single dose of intravenous amiodarone to cirrhotic patients, significantly lower c max and average concentration values are seen for dea, but mean amiodarone levels are unchanged. cardiac disease: in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone are not significantly altered but the terminal elimination t ½ of dea is prolonged. although no dosage adjustment for patients with renal, hepatic, or cardiac abnormalities has been defined during chronic treatment with oral amiodarone, close clinical monitoring is prudent for elderly patients and those with severe left ventricular dysfunction. drug interactions: effects of other agents on amiodarone grapefruit juice : grapefruit juice given to healthy volunteers increased amiodarone auc by 50% and c max by 84%, and decreased dea to unquantifiable concentrations. cimetidine inhibits cyp3a and can increase serum amiodarone levels. cholestyramine reduces enterohepatic circulation of amiodarone thereby increasing its elimination. this results in reduced amiodarone serum levels and half-life. effects of amiodarone on agents: cyp3a substrates : amiodarone taken concomitantly with quinidine increases the quinidine serum concentration by 33% after two days. amiodarone taken concomitantly with procainamide for less than seven days increases plasma concentrations of procainamide and n-acetyl procainamide by 55% and 33%, respectively. loratadine , a non-sedating antihistaminic, is metabolized primarily by cyp3a and its metabolism can be inhibited by amiodarone. metabolism of lidocaine can be inhibited by amiodarone. cyclophosphamide is a prodrug, metabolized by cyp450 including cyp3a to an active metabolite. the metabolism of cyclophosphamide may be inhibited by amiodarone. clopidogrel , an inactive thienopyridine prodrug, is metabolized in the liver by cyp3a to an active metabolite. a potential interaction between clopidogrel and amiodarone resulting in ineffective inhibition of platelet aggregation has been reported. macrolide/ketolide antibiotics : amiodarone can inhibit the metabolism of macrolide/ketolide antibiotics (except for azithromycin) and systemic azole antifungal drugs. p-glycoprotein substrates : amiodarone taken concomitantly with digoxin increases the serum digoxin concentration by 70% after one day. dabigatran etexilate when taken concomitantly with oral amiodarone can result in elevated serum concentration of dabigatran. dextromethorphan is a substrate for both cyp2d6 and cyp3a. amiodarone inhibits cyp2d6. chronic (> 2 weeks) oral amiodarone administration impairs metabolism of dextromethorphan can lead to increased serum concentrations.

spectively, in the presence of food. food also increased the rate of absorption of amiodarone hydrochloride, decreasing the time to peak plasma concentration (t max ) by 37%. the mean auc and mean c max of the major metabolite of amiodarone, dea increased by 55% (range 58 to 101%) and 32% (range 4 to 84%), respectively, but there was no change in the t max in the presence of food. distribution amiodarone hydrochloride is highly protein-bound (approximately 96%). amiodarone hydrochloride has a very large but variable volume of distribution, averaging about 60 l/kg, because of extensive accumulation in various sites, especially adipose tissue and highly perfused organs, such as the liver, lung, and spleen. one major metabolite of amiodarone hydrochloride, dea, has been identified in man; it accumulates to an even greater extent in almost all tissues. no data are available on the activity of dea in humans, but in animals, it has significant electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects generally similar to amiodarone itself. dea's precise role and contribution to the antiarrhythmic activity of oral amiodarone are not certain. the development of maximal ventricular class iii effects after oral amiodarone hydrochloride administration in humans correlates more closely with dea accumulation over time than with amiodarone accumulation. elimination following single dose administration in 12 healthy subjects, amiodarone hydrochloride exhibited multi-compartmental pharmacokinetics with a mean apparent plasma terminal elimination half-life of 58 days (range 15 to 142 days) for amiodarone and 36 days (range 14 to 75 days) for the active metabolite (dea). in patients, following discontinuation of chronic oral therapy, amiodarone hydrochloride has been shown to have a biphasic elimination with an initial 50% reduction of plasma levels after 2.5 to 10 days. a much slower terminal plasma-elimination phase shows a half-life of the parent compound ranging from 26 to 107 days, with a mean of approximately 53 days and most patients in the 40- to 55-day range. in the absence of a loading-dose period, steady-state plasma concentrations, at constant oral dosing, would therefore be reached between 130 and 535 days, with an average of 265 days. for the metabolite, the mean plasma-elimination half-life was approximately 61 days. these data probably reflect an initial elimination of drug from well-perfused tissue (the 2.5- to 10-day half-life phase), followed by a terminal phase representing extremely slow elimination from poorly perfused tissue compartments such as fat. the considerable inter-subject variation in both phases of elimination, as well as uncertainty as to what compartment is critical to drug effect, requires attention to individual responses once arrhythmia control is achieved with loading doses because the correct maintenance dose is determined, in part, by the elimination rates. individualize maintenance doses of amiodarone hydrochloride [see dosage and administration (2) ] . metabolism amiodarone is metabolized to dea by the cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzyme group, specifically cyp3a and cyp2c8. the cyp3a isoenzyme is present in both the liver and intestines. in vitro , amiodarone and dea exhibit a potential to inhibit cyp2c9, cyp2c19, cyp2d6, cyp3a, cyp2a6, cyp2b6 and cyp2c8. amiodarone and dea have also a potential to inhibit some transporters such as p-glycoprotein and organic cation transporter (oct2). excretion amiodarone is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion and there is negligible excretion of amiodarone or dea in urine. neither amiodarone nor dea is dialyzable. specific populations effect of age: normal subjects over 65 years of age show lower clearances (about 100 ml/hr/kg) than younger subjects (about 150 ml/hr/kg) and an increase in t ½ from about 20 to 47 days. renal impairment: renal impairment does not influence the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone or dea. hepatic impairment: after a single dose of intravenous amiodarone to cirrhotic patients, significantly lower c max and average concentration values are seen for dea, but mean amiodarone levels are unchanged. cardiac disease: in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone are not significantly altered but the terminal elimination t ½ of dea is prolonged. although no dosage adjustment for patients with renal, hepatic, or cardiac abnormalities has been defined during chronic treatment with oral amiodarone, close clinical monitoring is prudent for elderly patients and those with severe left ventricular dysfunction. drug interactions: effects of other agents on amiodarone grapefruit juice : grapefruit juice given to healthy volunteers increased amiodarone auc by 50% and c max by 84%, and decreased dea to unquantifiable concentrations. cimetidine inhibits cyp3a and can increase serum amiodarone levels. cholestyramine reduces enterohepatic circulation of amiodarone thereby increasing its elimination. this results in reduced amiodarone serum levels and half-life. effects of amiodarone on agents: cyp3a substrates : amiodarone taken concomitantly with quinidine increases the quinidine serum concentration by 33% after two days. amiodarone taken concomitantly with procainamide for less than seven days increases plasma concentrations of procainamide and n-acetyl procainamide by 55% and 33%, respectively. loratadine , a non-sedating antihistaminic, is metabolized primarily by cyp3a and its metabolism can be inhibited by amiodarone. metabolism of lidocaine can be inhibited by amiodarone. cyclophosphamide is a prodrug, metabolized by cyp450 including cyp3a to an active metabolite. the metabolism of cyclophosphamide may be inhibited by amiodarone. clopidogrel , an inactive thienopyridine prodrug, is metabolized in the liver by cyp3a to an active metabolite. a potential interaction between clopidogrel and amiodarone resulting in ineffective inhibition of platelet aggregation has been reported. macrolide/ketolide antibiotics : amiodarone can inhibit the metabolism of macrolide/ketolide antibiotics (except for azithromycin) and systemic azole antifungal drugs. p-glycoprotein substrates : amiodarone taken concomitantly with digoxin increases the serum digoxin concentration by 70% after one day. dabigatran etexilate when taken concomitantly with oral amiodarone can result in elevated serum concentration of dabigatran. dextromethorphan is a substrate for both cyp2d6 and cyp3a. amiodarone inhibits cyp2d6. chronic (> 2 weeks) oral amiodarone administration impairs metabolism of dextromethorphan can lead to increased serum concentrations.