] other cyp 450 inducers concomitant administration of other drugs that are cyp450 inducers, for example, antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine), and dexamethasone, may also reduce plasma concentrations of praziquantel. [see warnings and precautions (5.6 ) .] 7.2 cyp450 inhibitors concomitant administration of drugs that decrease the activity of drug metabolizing liver enzymes (cyp450 inhibitors), for example, cimetidine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin may increase plasma concentrations of praziquantel. in addition, grapefruit juice was also reported to produce a 1.6-fold increase in the c max and a 1.9-fold increase in the auc of praziquantel. the effect of this exposure increase on the therapeutic effect and safety of praziquantel has not been systematically evaluated [see dosage and administration (2.2) ].

reactions, serum sickness jarisch-herxheimer like reactions: sudden inflammatory immune response suspected to be caused by the release of schistosomal antigens). these reactions predominantly occur in patients treated during the acute phase of schistosomiasis. they may lead to potentially life-threatening events, for example, respiratory failure, encephalopathy, papilledema, and/or cerebral vasculitis. 5.2 central nervous system (cns) effects praziquantel can exacerbate central nervous system pathology due to schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, or taenia solium cysticercosis. as a general rule, consider whether to administer praziquantel to individuals reporting a history of epilepsy and/or other signs of potential central nervous systems involvement such as subcutaneous nodules suggestive of cysticercosis unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. hospitalize the patient for duration of treatment when schistosomiasis or fluke infection is found to be associated with cerebral cysticercosis. 5.3 potential lack of efficacy during the acute phase of schistosomiasis data from two observational cohort studies in patients indicate that treatment with praziquantel in the acute phase of infection may not prevent progression from asymptomatic infection to acute schistosomiasis, or from asymptomatic infection/acute schistosomiasis into chronic phase. 5.4 cardiac arrhythmias bradycardia, ectopic rhythms, ventricular fibrillation, and av blocks has been observed with praziquantel administration. monitor patients with cardiac arrhythmias during treatment. 5.5 hepatic impairment in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients reduced hepatic metabolism of praziquantel results in higher and sustained plasma concentrations of unmetabolized praziquantel in patients with liver impairment [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ]. monitor patients for adverse reactions when administering the recommended dose of praziquantel to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients with moderate or severe liver impairment (child-pugh class b or c). 5.6 concomitant administration with strong cytochrome p450 inducers concomitant administration of strong cyp450 inducers, such as rifampin with praziquantel is contraindicated since therapeutically effective levels of praziquantel may not be achieved. [see contraindications (4) and drug interactions (7.1) ]. in patients receiving rifampin who need immediate treatment for schistosomiasis, alternative agents for schistosomiasis should be considered. however, if treatment with praziquantel is necessary, discontinue rifampin 4 weeks before administration of praziquantel. treatment with rifampin can then be restarted one day after completion of praziquantel treatment [see drug interactions (7.1 , 7.2 )].

ter during meals. do not chew or keep the tablets (or parts of tablets) in the mouth; the bitter taste may cause gagging or vomiting. to prevent choking in pediatric patients under 6 years of age, the tablets may be crushed or disintegrated and mixed with semi-solid food or liquid. use crushed or disintegrated tablets within 1 hour of mixing. praziquantel 600 mg tablets have three scores which can be split into four segments at the scores. when broken, each of the four segments contains 150 mg of praziquantel so that the dosage can be adjusted to the patient’s body weight. segments are broken off by pressing the score (notch) with thumbnails. if one-quarter of a tablet is required, this is best achieved by breaking the segment from the outer end.

lowing adverse reactions were observed in both adults and pediatric patients: general disorders and administration site conditions: malaise, pyrexia nervous system disorders: headache, dizziness gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal discomfort, nausea skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: urticaria such adverse reactions may be more frequent and/or serious in patients with a heavy worm burden. additional adverse reactions reported from worldwide post marketing experience and from publications with praziquantel and various formulations of praziquantel include: blood and lymphatic system disorders: eosinophilia cardiac disorders: arrhythmia (including bradycardia, ectopic rhythms, ventricular fibrillation, av blocks) ear and labyrinth disorders: vertigo, tinnitus eye disorders: visual disturbance gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, vomiting general disorders and administration site conditions: polyserositis, asthenia, fatigue, gait disturbance hepatobiliary disorders: hepatitis immune system disorders: allergic reaction, generalized hypersensitivity, anaphylactic reaction metabolism and nutrition disorders: anorexia musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: myalgia nervous system disorders: convulsion, somnolence, intention tremor respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: pneumonitis, dyspnea, wheezing skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: pruritus, rash, stevens-johnson syndrome pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age treated with praziquantel tablets and various formulations of praziquantel experienced similar adverse reactions as those observed in adult patients. the adverse reactions reported were malaise, headache, dizziness, abdominal discomfort (with or without nausea), pyrexia and urticaria. ( 6 ) to report suspected adverse reactions, contact par pharmaceutical at 1-800-828-9393 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

] other cyp 450 inducers concomitant administration of other drugs that are cyp450 inducers, for example, antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine), and dexamethasone, may also reduce plasma concentrations of praziquantel. [see warnings and precautions (5.6 ) .] 7.2 cyp450 inhibitors concomitant administration of drugs that decrease the activity of drug metabolizing liver enzymes (cyp450 inhibitors), for example, cimetidine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin may increase plasma concentrations of praziquantel. in addition, grapefruit juice was also reported to produce a 1.6-fold increase in the c max and a 1.9-fold increase in the auc of praziquantel. the effect of this exposure increase on the therapeutic effect and safety of praziquantel has not been systematically evaluated [see dosage and administration (2.2) ].

nknown. all pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. in the u.s. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. data human data two randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted using praziquantel for the treatment of schistosoma infection in pregnant women. in one randomized controlled trial in pregnant women with schistosoma ( s. japonicum) infection, 186 pregnant women were treated with praziquantel compared to 184 women who received placebo. treatment with praziquantel during pregnancy had no effect on birth weight, and there were no differences in rates of miscarriage, fetal death and major birth defects between the praziquantel­-treated and control patients. in another randomized controlled trial that included 2,507 pregnant women in uganda, 18% of women were infected with schistosoma infection. treatment with praziquantel during pregnancy had no effect on mean birth weight, perinatal mortality or major birth defects. in other published studies, including a retrospective observational study, case series and case reports, there have been no reports of major birth defects, stillbirths or other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with the use of praziquantel during pregnancy. animal data no evidence of fetal harm was observed in rats and rabbits at praziquantel dose levels of 30 to 300 mg/kg body weight given repeatedly by oral administration during the period of organogenesis. these doses were up to 0.65 times (rats) or 1.3 times (rabbits) the highest recommended human daily dose of 75 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area. 8.2 lactation risk summary limited data from published literature reports the presence of praziquantel in human milk at low concentrations. there is no information on the effects of praziquantel in the breastfed infant or effects on milk production. the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for praziquantel and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from praziquantel or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 pediatric use safety and dosing recommendations of praziquantel in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years have been established. safety of praziquantel in pediatric patients younger than 1 year of age has not been established. post-marketing experience and published literature indicates that pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age treated with praziquantel experience similar adverse reactions as adults treated with praziquantel [see adverse reactions (6) ] . 8.5 geriatric use clinical studies of praziquantel did not include a sufficient number of subjects ages 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older patients cannot be ruled out. this drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in these patients [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ]. 8.6 hepatic impairment following oral administration of praziquantel to patients with liver impairment, reduced hepatic metabolism of praziquantel results in higher and sustained plasma concentrations of unmetabolized praziquantel [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ]. monitor patients for adverse reactions when administering the recommended dose of praziquantel to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients with moderate or severe liver impairment (child-pugh class b or c). 8.7 renal impairment no dosage adjustment of praziquantel is necessary in patients with renal impairment. nephrotoxic effects of praziquantel or its metabolites are not known [see clinical pharmacology (12.3) ] .

antel for the treatment of schistosoma infection in pregnant women. in one randomized controlled trial in pregnant women with schistosoma ( s. japonicum) infection, 186 pregnant women were treated with praziquantel compared to 184 women who received placebo. treatment with praziquantel during pregnancy had no effect on birth weight, and there were no differences in rates of miscarriage, fetal death and major birth defects between the praziquantel­-treated and control patients. in another randomized controlled trial that included 2,507 pregnant women in uganda, 18% of women were infected with schistosoma infection. treatment with praziquantel during pregnancy had no effect on mean birth weight, perinatal mortality or major birth defects. in other published studies, including a retrospective observational study, case series and case reports, there have been no reports of major birth defects, stillbirths or other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with the use of praziquantel during pregnancy. animal data no evidence of fetal harm was observed in rats and rabbits at praziquantel dose levels of 30 to 300 mg/kg body weight given repeatedly by oral administration during the period of organogenesis. these doses were up to 0.65 times (rats) or 1.3 times (rabbits) the highest recommended human daily dose of 75 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area.

in patients with schistosomiasis, the pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between those with normal hepatic function (group 1) and those with mild (child-pugh class a) hepatic impairment. however, in patients with moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment (child-pugh class b and c), praziquantel half-life, c max , and auc increased progressively with the degree of hepatic impairment. in child-pugh class b, the increases in mean half-life, c max , and auc relative to group 1 were 1.58-fold, 1.76-fold, and 3.55-fold, respectively. the corresponding increases in child-pugh class c patients were 2.82-fold, 4.29-fold, and 15-fold for half-life, c max , and auc. table 1: pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel in four groups of patients with varying degrees of liver function following administration of 40 mg/kg of praziquantel tablets under fasting conditions. patient group half-life (hr) t max (hr) c max (mcg/ml) auc (mcg/ml* hr) normal hepatic function (group 1) 2.99 ± 1.28 1.48 ± 0.74 0.83 ± 0.52 3.02 ± 0.59 child-pugh a (group 2) 4.66 ± 2.77 1.37 ± 0.61 0.93 ± 0.58 3.87 ± 2.44 child-pugh b (group 3) 4.74 ± 2.16 a 2.21 ± 0.78 a,b 1.47 ± 0.74 a,b 10.72 ± 5.53 a,b child-pugh c (group 4) 8.45 ± 2.62 a,b,c 3.2 ± 1.05 a,b,c 3.57 ± 1.30 a,b,c 45.35 ± 17.50 a,b,c a) p<0.05 compared to group 1 b) p<0.05 compared to group 2 c) p<0.05 compared to group 3 patients with renal impairment excretion of praziquantel following oral administration of praziquantel might be delayed in patients with impaired renal function, but accumulation of unchanged drug would not be expected. drug interaction studies rifampin (cyp450 inducer) in a crossover study with a 2-week washout period, 10 healthy subjects ingested a single 40 mg/kg oral dose of praziquantel following pre-treatment with oral rifampin (600 mg daily for 5 days). plasma praziquantel concentrations were undetectable in 7 out of 10 subjects. when a single 40 mg/kg oral dose of praziquantel was administered to these same healthy subjects two weeks after discontinuation of rifampin, the mean praziquantel auc and c max were 23% and 35% lower, respectively, than when praziquantel was given alone. 12.4 microbiology praziquantel induces a rapid contraction of schistosomes by a specific effect on the permeability of the cell membrane. the drug further causes vacuolization and disintegration of the schistosome tegument. however, the mechanism of action is unknown. praziquantel is active against schistosoma (for example, schistosoma mekongi , schistosoma japonicum , schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma hematobium ), and infections due to the liver flukes, clonorchis sinensis/opisthorchis viverrini [ see indications and usage (1) ]. published in vitro data have shown a potential lack of efficacy of praziquantel against migrating schistosomulae [see warnings and precautions (5.3) ] .

mal hepatic function (group 1) and those with mild (child-pugh class a) hepatic impairment. however, in patients with moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment (child-pugh class b and c), praziquantel half-life, c max , and auc increased progressively with the degree of hepatic impairment. in child-pugh class b, the increases in mean half-life, c max , and auc relative to group 1 were 1.58-fold, 1.76-fold, and 3.55-fold, respectively. the corresponding increases in child-pugh class c patients were 2.82-fold, 4.29-fold, and 15-fold for half-life, c max , and auc. table 1: pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel in four groups of patients with varying degrees of liver function following administration of 40 mg/kg of praziquantel tablets under fasting conditions. patient group half-life (hr) t max (hr) c max (mcg/ml) auc (mcg/ml* hr) normal hepatic function (group 1) 2.99 ± 1.28 1.48 ± 0.74 0.83 ± 0.52 3.02 ± 0.59 child-pugh a (group 2) 4.66 ± 2.77 1.37 ± 0.61 0.93 ± 0.58 3.87 ± 2.44 child-pugh b (group 3) 4.74 ± 2.16 a 2.21 ± 0.78 a,b 1.47 ± 0.74 a,b 10.72 ± 5.53 a,b child-pugh c (group 4) 8.45 ± 2.62 a,b,c 3.2 ± 1.05 a,b,c 3.57 ± 1.30 a,b,c 45.35 ± 17.50 a,b,c a) p<0.05 compared to group 1 b) p<0.05 compared to group 2 c) p<0.05 compared to group 3 patients with renal impairment excretion of praziquantel following oral administration of praziquantel might be delayed in patients with impaired renal function, but accumulation of unchanged drug would not be expected. drug interaction studies rifampin (cyp450 inducer) in a crossover study with a 2-week washout period, 10 healthy subjects ingested a single 40 mg/kg oral dose of praziquantel following pre-treatment with oral rifampin (600 mg daily for 5 days). plasma praziquantel concentrations were undetectable in 7 out of 10 subjects. when a single 40 mg/kg oral dose of praziquantel was administered to these same healthy subjects two weeks after discontinuation of rifampin, the mean praziquantel auc and c max were 23% and 35% lower, respectively, than when praziquantel was given alone.

t praziquantel should not be used if they have epilepsy or other cns effects [see warnings and precautions (5.2) ]. advise patients to report any cardiac irregularities to their healthcare provider [see warnings and precautions (5.4) ]. advise patients not to drive a car and not to operate machinery on the day of praziquantel treatment and the following day. dist. by: par pharmaceutical chestnut ridge, ny 10977 u.s.a. mfg. by: par formulations private limited, 9/215, pudupakkam, kelambakkam - 603 103. made in india mfg. lic. no.: tn00002121 os231-01-74-02 revised: 05/2019