increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of neuroleptic drugs administered to the patient increase. however, the syndrome can develop, although much less commonly, after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses. there is no known treatment for established cases of tardive dyskinesia, although the syndrome may remit, partially or completely, if neuroleptic treatment is withdrawn. neuroleptic treatment, itself, however, may suppress (or partially suppress) the signs and symptoms of the syndrome and thereby may possibly mask the underlying disease process. the effect that symptomatic suppression has upon the long-term course of the syndrome is unknown. given these considerations, neuroleptics should be prescribed in a manner that is most likely to minimize the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia. chronic neuroleptic treatment should generally be reserved for patients who suffer from a chronic illness that, 1) is known to respond to neuroleptic drugs, and, 2) for whom alternative equally effective, but potentially less harmful treatments are not available or appropriate. in patients who do require chronic treatment, the smallest dose and the shortest duration of treatment producing a satisfactory clinical response should be sought. the need for continued treatment should be reassessed periodically. if signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear in a patient on neuroleptics, drug discontinuation should be considered. however, some patients may require treatment despite the presence of the syndrome. (for further information about the description of tardive dyskinesia and its clinical detection, please refer to the sections on precautions, information for patients , and adverse reactions, tardive dyskinesia . ) neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nms) a potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nms) has been reported in association with antipsychotic drugs. clinical manifestations of nms are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmias). the diagnostic evaluation of patients with this syndrome is complicated. in arriving at a diagnosis, it is important to identify cases where the clinical presentation includes both serious medical illness (e.g., pneumonia, systemic infection, etc.) and untreated or inadequately treated extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (eps). other important considerations in the differential diagnosis include central anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, drug fever and primary cns pathology. the management of nms should include 1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy, 2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring, and 3) treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available. there is no general agreement about specific pharmacological treatment regimens for uncomplicated nms. if a patient requires antipsychotic drug treatment after recovery from nms, the potential reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered. the patient should be carefully monitored, since recurrences of nms have been reported. falls fluphenazine decanoate injection may cause somnolence, postural hypotension, motor and sensory instability, which may lead to falls and, consequently, fractures or other injuries. for patients with diseases, conditions, or medications that could exacerbate these effects, complete fall risk assessments when initiating antipsychotic treatment and recurrently for patients on long-term antipsychotic therapy. others the use of this drug may impair the mental and physical abilities required for driving a car or operating heavy machinery. physicians should be alert to the possibility that severe adverse reactions may occur which require immediate medical attention. potentiation of the effects of alcohol may occur with the use of this drug. since there is no adequate experience in children who have received this drug, safety and efficacy in children have not been established. usage in pregnancy the safety for the use of this drug during pregnancy has not been established; therefore, the possible hazards should be weighed against the potential benefits when administering this drug to pregnant patients.

eochromocytoma. the possibility of liver damage, pigmentary retinopathy, lenticular and corneal deposits, and development of irreversible dyskinesia should be remembered when patients are on prolonged therapy. outside state hospitals or other psychiatric institutions, fluphenazine decanoate should be administered under the direction of a physician experienced in the clinical use of psychotropic drugs, particularly phenothiazine derivatives. furthermore, facilities should be available for periodic checking of hepatic function, renal function, and the blood picture. renal function of patients on long-term therapy should be monitored; if blood urea nitrogen (bun) becomes abnormal, treatment should be discontinued. as with any phenothiazine, the physician should be alert to the possible development of "silent pneumonias" in patients under treatment with fluphenazine decanoate. neuroleptic drugs elevate prolactin levels; the elevation persists during chronic administration. tissue culture experiments indicate that approximately one-third of human breast cancers are prolactin dependent in vitro , a factor of potential importance if the prescription of these drugs is contemplated in a patient with a previously detected breast cancer. although disturbances such as galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and impotence have been reported, the clinical significance of elevated serum prolactin levels is unknown for most patients. an increase in mammary neoplasms has been found in rodents after chronic administration of neuroleptic drugs. neither clinical studies nor epidemiologic studies conducted to date, however, have shown an association between chronic administration of these drugs and mammary tumorigenesis; the available evidence is considered too limited to be conclusive at this time.

phenothiazines should be treated initially with a shorter-acting form of fluphenazine before administering the decanoate to determine the patient's response to fluphenazine and to establish appropriate dosage. for psychotic patients who have been stabilized on a fixed daily dosage of fluphenazine hydrochloride tablets, usp or fluphenazine hydrochloride elixir, usp conversion of therapy from these short-acting oral forms to the long-acting fluphenazine decanoate injection may be indicated. appropriate dosage of fluphenazine decanoate injection should be individualized for each patient and responses carefully monitored. no precise formula can be given to convert to use of fluphenazine decanoate injection; however, a controlled multicentered study, schooler, n.r.: the initiation of long-term pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia: dosage and side effect comparisons between oral and depot fluphenazine. pharmakopsych. 9:159-169, 1976. in patients receiving oral doses from 5 to 60 mg fluphenazine hydrochloride daily, showed that 20 mg fluphenazine hydrochloride daily was equivalent to 25 mg (1 ml) of fluphenazine decanoate injection every three weeks. this represents an approximate conversion ratio of 12.5 mg (0.5 ml) of decanoate every three weeks for every 10 mg of fluphenazine hydrochloride daily. once conversion to fluphenazine decanoate injection is made, careful clinical monitoring of the patient and appropriate dosage adjustment should be made at the time of each injection. severely agitated patients may be treated initially with a rapid-acting phenothiazine compound such as fluphenazine hydrochloride injection—see package insert accompanying that product for complete information. when acute symptoms have subsided, 25 mg (1 ml) of fluphenazine decanoate injection may be administered; subsequent dosage is adjusted as necessary. "poor risk" patients (those with known hypersensitivity to phenothiazines, or with disorders that predispose to undue reactions): therapy may be initiated cautiously with oral or parenteral fluphenazine hydrochloride (see package inserts accompanying these products for complete information). when the pharmacologic effects and an appropriate dosage are apparent, an equivalent dose of fluphenazine decanoate may be administered. subsequent dosage adjustments are made in accordance with the response of the patient. the optimal amount of the drug and the frequency of administration must be determined for each patient, since dosage requirements have been found to vary with clinical circumstances as well as with individual response to the drug. dosage should not exceed 100 mg. if doses greater than 50 mg are deemed necessary, the next dose and succeeding doses should be increased cautiously in increments of 12.5 mg. parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

ed and reassured. these reactions can usually be controlled by administration of antiparkinsonian drugs such as benztropine mesylate or intravenous caffeine and sodium benzoate injection, and by subsequent reduction in dosage. tardive dyskinesia see warnings . the syndrome is characterized by involuntary choreoathetoid movements which variously involve the tongue, face, mouth, lips, or jaw (e.g., protrusion of the tongue, puffing of cheeks, puckering of the mouth, chewing movements), trunk and extremities. the severity of the syndrome and the degree of impairment produced vary widely. the syndrome may become clinically recognizable either during treatment, upon dosage reduction, or upon withdrawal of treatment. early detection of tardive dyskinesia is important. to increase the likelihood of detecting the syndrome at the earliest possible time, the dosage of the neuroleptic drug should be reduced periodically (if clinically possible) and the patient observed for signs of the disorder. this maneuver is critical, since neuroleptic drugs may mask the signs of the syndrome. other cns effects occurrences of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nms) have been reported in patients on neuroleptic therapy (see warnings, neuroleptic malignant syndrome ); leukocytosis, elevated cpk, liver function abnormalities, and acute renal failure may also occur with nms. drowsiness or lethargy, if they occur, may necessitate a reduction in dosage; the induction of a catatonic-like state has been known to occur with dosages of fluphenazine far in excess of the recommended amounts. as with other phenothiazine compounds, reactivation or aggravation of psychotic processes may be encountered. phenothiazine derivatives have been known to cause, in some patients, restlessness, excitement, or bizarre dreams. autonomic nervous system hypertension and fluctuations in blood pressure have been reported with fluphenazine. hypotension has rarely presented a problem with fluphenazine. however, patients with pheochromocytoma, cerebral, vascular or renal insufficiency, or a severe cardiac reserve deficiency such as mitral insufficiency appear to be particularly prone to hypotensive reactions with phenothiazine compounds, and should therefore be observed closely when the drug is administered. if severe hypotension should occur, supportive measures including the use of intravenous vasopressor drugs should be instituted immediately. norepinephrine bitartrate injection is the most suitable drug for this purpose: epinephrine should not be used since phenothiazine derivatives have been found to reverse its action, resulting in a further lowering of blood pressure. autonomic reactions including nausea and loss of appetite, salivation, polyuria, perspiration, dry mouth, headache, and constipation may occur. autonomic effects can usually be controlled by reducing or temporarily discontinuing dosage. in some patients, phenothiazine derivatives have caused blurred vision, glaucoma, bladder paralysis, fecal impaction, paralytic ileus, tachycardia, or nasal congestion. metabolic and endocrine weight change, peripheral edema, abnormal lactation, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, false results on pregnancy tests, impotency in men and increased libido in women have all been known to occur in some patients on phenothiazine therapy. allergic reactions skin disorders such as itching, erythema, urticaria, seborrhea, photosensitivity, eczema and even exfoliative dermatitis have been reported with phenothiazine derivatives. the possibility of anaphylactoid reactions occurring in some patients should be borne in mind. hematologic routine blood counts are advisable during therapy since blood dyscrasias including leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenic or nonthrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, and pancytopenia have been observed with phenothiazine derivatives. furthermore, if any soreness of the mouth, gums, or throat, or any symptoms of upper respiratory infection occur and confirmatory leukocyte count indicates cellular depression, therapy should be discontinued and other appropriate measures instituted immediately. hepatic liver damage as manifested by cholestatic jaundice may be encountered, particularly during the first months of therapy; treatment should be discontinued if this occurs. an increase in cephalin flocculation, sometimes accompanied by alterations in other liver function tests, has been reported in patients receiving the enanthate ester of fluphenazine (a closely related compound) who have had no clinical evidence of liver damage. others sudden, unexpected and unexplained deaths have been reported in hospitalized psychotic patients receiving phenothiazines. previous brain damage or seizures may be predisposing factors; high doses should be avoided in known seizure patients. several patients have shown sudden flare-ups of psychotic behavior patterns shortly before death. autopsy findings have usually revealed acute fulminating pneumonia or pneumonitis, aspiration of gastric contents, or intramyocardial lesions. although this is not a general feature of fluphenazine, potentiation of cns depressants (opiates, analgesics, antihistamines, barbiturates, alcohol) may occur. the following adverse reactions have also occurred with phenothiazine derivatives: systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, hypotension severe enough to cause fatal cardiac arrest, altered electrocardiographic and electroencephalographic tracings, altered cerebrospinal fluid proteins, cerebral edema, asthma, laryngeal edema, and angioneurotic edema; with long-term use, skin pigmentation, and lenticular and corneal opacities. injections of fluphenazine decanoate are extremely well tolerated, local tissue reactions occurring only rarely. to report suspected adverse reactions, contact par pharmaceutical at 1-800-828-9393 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.