Product Elements:
Ampicillin ampicillin ampicillin trihydrate ampicillin ammonia ferrosoferric oxide gelatin, unspecified magnesium stearate potassium hydroxide propylene glycol shellac titanium dioxide opaque gg850;gg850 ampicillin ampicillin ampicillin trihydrate ampicillin ammonia ferrosoferric oxide gelatin, unspecified magnesium stearate potassium hydroxide propylene glycol shellac titanium dioxide opaque gg851;gg851
Drug Interactions:
Drug interactions when administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with ampicillin. allopurinol : increased possibility of skin rash, particularly in hyperuricemic patients may occur. bacteriostatic antibiotics : chloramphenicol, erythromycins, sulfonamides, or tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal effect of penicillins. this has been demonstrated in vitro; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is not well-documented. oral contraceptives : may be less effective and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur. probenecid : may decrease renal tubular secretion of ampicillin resulting in increased blood levels and/or ampicillin toxicity.
Indications and Usage:
Indications and usage to reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ampicillin capsules, ampicillin for oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, ampicillin capsules and ampicillin for oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. when culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting of modifying antimicrobial therapy, in the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. ampicillin capsules and ampicillin for oral suspension are indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms listed below: infections of the genitourinary tract including gonorrhea: e. coli, p. mirabilis, enterococci , shigella, s. typhosa and other salmonella , and nonpenicillinase producing n. gonorrhoeae . infections of the re
Read more...spiratory tract: nonpenicillinase- producing h. influenzae and staphylococci, and streptococci including streptococcus pneumoniae . infections of the gastrointestinal tract: shigella, s. typhosa and other salmonella, e. coli, p. mirabilis, and enterococci . meningitis: n. meningitides . bacteriology studies to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to ampicillin should be performed. therapy may be instituted prior to the results of susceptibility testing.
Warnings:
Warnings serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy. although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral penicillins. these reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens. there have been reports of individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity who have experienced severe reactions when treated with cephalosporins. before therapy with any penicillin, careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins or other allergens. if an allergic reaction occurs, appropriate therapy should be considered. serious anaphylactic reactions require immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine. oxygen, intravenous steroids, and airway management, including intubation, should also be administered as indicated. pseudomembranous colitis has been repo
Read more...rted with nearly all antibacterial agents, including ampicillin, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents. treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon and may permit overgrowth of clostridia. studies indicate that a toxin produced by clostridium difficile is a primary cause of âantibiotic-associated colitisâ. after the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis has been established, therapeutic measures should be initiated. mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to discontinuation of the drug alone. in moderate to severe cases, consideration should be given to management with fluids and electrolytes, protein supplementation and treatment with an antibacterial drug clinically effective against c. difficile colitis.
General Precautions:
General prescribing ampicillin in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. prolonged use of antibiotics may promote the overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi. should superinfection occur, appropriate measures should be taken. patients with gonorrhea who also have syphilis should be given additional appropriate parenteral penicillin treatment. treatment with ampicillin does not preclude the need for surgical procedures, particularly in staphylococcal infections.
Dosage and Administration:
Dosage and administration adults and children weighing over 20 kg: for genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract infections other than gonorrhea in men and women, the usual dose is 500 mg qid in equally spaced doses; severe or chronic infections may require larger doses. for the treatment of gonorrhea in both men and women, a single oral dose of 3.5 grams of ampicillin administered simultaneously with 1 gram of probenecid is recommended. physicians are cautioned to use no less than the above recommended dosage for the treatment of gonorrhea. follow-up cultures should be obtained from the original site(s) of infection 7 to 14 days after therapy. in women, it is also desirable to obtain culture test-of-cure from both the endocervical and anal canals. prolonged intensive therapy is needed for complications such as prostatitis and epididymitis. for respiratory tract infections , the usual dose is 250 mg qid in equally spaced doses. pediatric patients weighing 20 kg or less: for genitourinary
Read more... or gastrointestinal tract infections , the usual dose is 100 mg/kg/day total, qid in equally divided and spaced doses. for respiratory tract infections, the usual dose is 50 mg/kg/day total, in equally divided and spaced doses three to four times daily. doses for children should not exceed doses recommended for adults. all patients, irrespective of age and weight : larger doses may be required for severe or chronic infections. although ampicillin is resistant to degradation by gastric acid, it should be administered at least one-half hour before or two hours after meals for maximal absorption. except for the single dose regimen for gonorrhea referred to above, therapy should be continued for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours after the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained. in infections caused by hemolytic strains of streptococci, a minimum of 10 daysâ treatment is recommended to guard against the risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis (see precautionsâlaboratory tests ). in the treatment of chronic urinary or gastrointestinal infections, frequent bacteriologic and clinical appraisal is necessary during therapy and may be necessary for several months afterwards. stubborn infections may require treatment for several weeks. smaller doses than those indicated above should not be used.
Contraindications:
Contraindications a history of a previous hypersensitivity reaction to any of the penicillins is a contraindication. ampicillin is also contraindicated in infections caused by penicillinase-producing organisms.
Adverse Reactions:
Adverse reactions as with other penicillins, it may be expected that untoward reactions will be essentially limited to sensitivity phenomena. they are more likely to occur in individuals who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to penicillin and in those with a history of allergy, asthma, hay fever, or urticaria. the following adverse reactions have been reported as associated with the use of ampicillin: gastrointestinal : glossitis, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis, and diarrhea. these reactions are usually associated with oral dosage forms of the drugs. hypersensitivity reactions : an erythematous, mildly pruritic, maculopapular skin rash has been reported fairly frequently. the rash, which usually does not develop within the first week of therapy, may cover the entire body including the soles, palms, and oral mucosa. the eruption usually disappears in three to seven days. other hypersensitivity reactions that have been reported are: skin
Read more... rash, pruritus, urticaria, erythema multiforme, and an occasional case of exfoliative dermatitis. anaphylaxis is the most serious reaction experienced and has usually been associated with the parenteral dosage form of the drug. note : urticaria, other skin rashes, and serum sickness-like reactions may be controlled by antihistamines, and, if necessary, systemic corticosteroids. whenever such reactions occur, ampicillin should be discontinued unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition being treated is life-threatening, and amenable only to ampicillin therapy. serious anaphylactic reactions require emergency measures (see warnings ). liver : moderate elevation in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sgot) has been noted, but the significance of this finding is unknown. hemic and lymphatic systems : anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported during therapy with penicillins. these reactions are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be hypersensitivity phenomena. other adverse reactions that have been reported with the use of ampicillin are laryngeal stridor and high fever. an occasional patient may complain of sore mouth or tongue as with any oral penicillin preparation.
Drug Interactions:
Drug interactions when administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with ampicillin. allopurinol : increased possibility of skin rash, particularly in hyperuricemic patients may occur. bacteriostatic antibiotics : chloramphenicol, erythromycins, sulfonamides, or tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal effect of penicillins. this has been demonstrated in vitro; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is not well-documented. oral contraceptives : may be less effective and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur. probenecid : may decrease renal tubular secretion of ampicillin resulting in increased blood levels and/or ampicillin toxicity.
Use in Pregnancy:
Pregnancy teratogenic effects reproduction studies in animals have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to penicillin. there are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, penicillin should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Pediatric Use:
Pediatric use penicillins are excreted primarily unchanged by the kidney; therefore, the incompletely developed renal function in neonates and young infants will delay the excretion of penicillin. administration to neonates and young infants should be limited to the lowest dosage compatible with an effective therapeutic regimen (see dosage and administration ).
Overdosage:
Overdosage in case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically and institute supportive measures as required. in patients with renal function impairment, ampicillin-class antibiotics can be removed by hemodialysis but not by peritoneal dialysis.
Description:
Description ampicillin trihydrate is a semisynthetic penicillin derived from the basic penicillin nucleus, 6- aminopenicillanic acid. ampicillin is designated chemically as (2s, 5 r , 6 r )-6-[( r )-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3,3- dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-2- carboxylic acid. its structural formula is: molecular formula: c 16 h 19 n 3 o 4 s · 3 h 2 o molecular weight: 403.5 ampicillin capsules, usp for oral administration provide ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 250 mg and 500 mg ampicillin. inactive ingredients: black iron oxide, gelatin, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, shellac, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. ampicillin-chemical-structure
Clinical Pharmacology:
Clinical pharmacology ampicillin is bactericidal at low concentrations and is clinically effective not only against the gram-positive organisms usually susceptible to penicillin g but also against a variety of gram-negative organisms. it is stable in the presence of gastric acid and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. it diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids; however, penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain occurs only with meningeal inflammation. ampicillin is excreted largely unchanged in the urine; its excretion can be delayed by concurrent administration of probenecid which inhibits the renal tubular secretion of ampicillin. in blood serum, ampicillin is the least bound of all the penicillins; an average of about 20 percent of the drug is bound to plasma proteins as compared to 60 to 90 percent of the other penicillins. the administration of 500 mg dose of ampicillin capsules results in an average peak blood serum level of approximately 3.0 mcg
Read more.../ml. microbiology mechanism of action ampicillin is similar to penicillin in its bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria during the stage of active multiplication. it acts through the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis that leads to the death of the bacteria. mechanism of resistance resistance to ampicillin is mediated primarily through enzymes called beta-lactamases that cleave the beta-lactam ring of ampicillin, rendering it inactive. antimicrobial activity ampicillin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections, as described in the indications and usage section. gram-positive bacteria enterococcus spp. staphylococcus spp. (non-penicillinase-producing) streptococcus pneumoniae streptococcus pyogenes viridans group streptococci gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli haemophilus influenzae (non-penicillinase-producing) neisseria gonorrhoeae neisseria meningitidis proteus mirabilis salmonella spp. shigella spp. the following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. at least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) less than or equal to 0.12 mcg/ml for ampicillin. however the efficacy of ampicillin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials. gram-positive bacteria bacillus anthracis corynebacterium xerosis anaerobic bacteria clostridium spp. susceptibility testing for specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by fda for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/stic.
Mechanism of Action:
Mechanism of action ampicillin is similar to penicillin in its bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria during the stage of active multiplication. it acts through the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis that leads to the death of the bacteria.
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility:
Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, or impairment of fertility in males or females.
How Supplied:
How supplied ampicillin capsules, usp: each capsule, for oral administration, contains ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 250 mg or 500 mg ampicillin, and are supplied as: 250 mg: white, opaque, hard gelatin capsules, imprinted in black ink gg 850/gg 850. ndc 0781-2144-01 in bottles of 100 ndc 0781-2144-05 in bottles of 500 500 mg: white, opaque, hard gelatin capsules, imprinted in black ink gg 851/gg 851. ndc 0781-2145-01 in bottles of 100 ndc 0781-2145-05 in bottles of 500 store at 20° to 25°c (68° to 77°f) [see usp controlled room temperature]. dispense in a tight container. clinitest® is a registered trademark of miles, inc. clinistix® is a registered trademark of bayer corporation. tes-tape® is a registered trademark of eli lilly company. revised: august 2020 46275512 manufactured by sandoz gmbh for sandoz inc., princeton, nj 08540
Information for Patients:
Information for the patient 1. the patient should inform the physician of any history of sensitivity to allergens, including previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins and cephalosporins (see warnings ). 2. the patient should discontinue ampicillin and contact the physician immediately if any side effect occurs (see warnings ). 3. ampicillin should be taken with a full glass (8 oz) of water, one-half hour before or two hours after meals. 4. diabetic patients should consult with the physician before changing diet or dosage of diabetes medication (see precautionsâdrug/laboratory test interactions ). 5. patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including ampicillin should only be used to treat bacterial infections. they do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). when ampicillin is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken ex
Read more...actly as directed. skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by ampicillin or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Package Label Principal Display Panel:
250 mg label ndc 0781-2144-01 ampicillin capsules, usp 250 mg rx only 100 capsules sandoz label-250
500 mg label ndc 0781-2145-01 ampicillin capsules, usp 500 mg rx only 100 capsules sandoz 500mg-label