ears of age receiving daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (45 versus 33 per 10,000 women-years). (see clinical studies .) the increase in risk was demonstrated in year 1 and persisted. should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately. subgroup analyses of women 50 to 59 years of age suggest no increased risk of stroke for those women receiving ce (0.625 mg)-alone versus those receiving placebo (18 versus 21 per 10,000 women-years). in the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant increased risk of stroke was reported in women 50 to 79 years of age receiving daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (33 versus 25 per 10,000 women-years). (see clinical studies .) the increase in risk was demonstrated after the first year and persisted. should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately. b. coronary heart disease in the whi estrogen-alone substudy, no overall effect on chd events (defined as nonfatal mi, silent mi, or chd death) was reported in women receiving estrogen-alone compared to placebo. (see clinical studies .) in the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy, there was a non-statistically significant increased risk of chd events reported in women receiving daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (41 versus 34 per 10,000 women-years). an increase in relative risk was demonstrated in year 1, and a trend toward decreasing relative risk was reported in years 2 through 5. in postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n = 2,763, average 66.7 years of age), in a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study; hers), treatment with daily ce 0.625 mg/mpa 2.5 mg demonstrated no cardiovascular benefit. during an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with ce plus mpa did not reduce the overall rate of chd events in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. there were more chd events in the ce plus mpa-treated group than in the placebo group in year one, but not during the subsequent years. two thousand three hundred and twenty-one (2,321) women from the original hers trial agreed to participate in an open-label extension of hers, hers ii. average follow-up in hers ii was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. rates of chd events were comparable among women in the ce plus mpa group and the placebo group in the hers, the hers ii, and overall. c. venous thromboembolism in the whi estrogen-alone substudy, the risk of vte (dvt and pe), was increased for women receiving daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone compared to placebo (30 versus 22 per 10,000 women-years), although only the increased risk of dvt reached statistical significance (23 versus 15 per 10,000 women-years). the increase in vte risk was demonstrated during the first 2 years. (see clinical studies .) should a vte occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately. in the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant 2-fold greater rate of vte was reported in women receiving daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (35 versus 17 per 10,000 women-years). statistically significant increases in risk for both dvt (26 versus 13 per 10,000 women-years) and pe (18 versus 8 per 10,000 women-years) were also demonstrated. the increase in vte risk was demonstrated during the first year and persisted. (see clinical studies .) should a vte occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately. 2. malignant neoplasms a. endometrial cancer an increased risk of endometrial cancer has been reported with the use of unopposed estrogen therapy in women with a uterus. the reported endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2 to 12 times greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on estrogen dose. most studies show no significant increased risk associated with use of estrogens for less than 1 year. the greatest risk appears associated with prolonged use, with increased risks of 15- to 24-fold for 5 to 10 years or more and this risk has been shown to persist for at least 8 to 15 years after estrogen therapy is discontinued. b. breast cancer the most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen-alone users is the whi substudy of daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone. in the whi estrogen-alone substudy, after an average follow-up of 7.1 years, daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone was not associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer (relative risk [rr] 0.80). (see clinical studies . ) the most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen plus progestin users is the whi substudy of daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg). after a mean follow-up of 5.6 years, the estrogen plus progestin substudy reported an increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women who took daily ce plus mpa. in this substudy, prior use of estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin therapy was reported by 26 percent of the women. the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.24, and the absolute risk was 41 versus 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for ce plus mpa compared with placebo, respectively. among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years, for ce plus mpa compared with placebo. among women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 versus 36 cases per 10,000 women-years for ce plus mpa compared with placebo. in the same substudy, invasive breast cancers were larger, were more likely to be node positive, and were diagnosed at a more advanced stage in the ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) group compared with the placebo group. metastatic disease was rare, with no apparent difference between the two groups. other prognostic factors, such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ between the groups. (see clinical studies .) consistent with the whi clinical trial, observational studies have also reported an increased risk of breast cancer for estrogen plus progestin therapy, and a smaller increased risk for estrogen-alone therapy, after several years of use. the risk increased with duration of use, and appeared to return to baseline over about 5 years after stopping treatment (only the observational studies have substantial data on risk after stopping). observational studies also suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and became apparent earlier, with estrogen plus progestin therapy as compared to estrogen-alone therapy. however, these studies have not found significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among different estrogen plus progestin combinations, doses, or routes of administration. the use of estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation. all women should receive yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast self-examinations. in addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results. c. ovarian cancer the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy reported a statistically non-significant increased risk of ovarian cancer. after an average follow-up of 5.6 years, the relative risk for ovarian cancer for ce plus mpa versus placebo was 1.58 (95 percent ci, 0.77 – 3.24). the absolute risk for ce plus mpa versus placebo was 4 versus 3 cases per 10,000 women-years. a meta-analysis of 17 prospective and 35 retrospective epidemiology studies found that women who used hormonal therapy for menopausal symptoms had an increased risk for ovarian cancer. the primary analysis, using case-control comparisons, included 12,110 cancer cases from the 17 prospective studies. the relative risks associated with current use of hormonal therapy was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [ci] 1.32 to 1.50); there was no difference in the risk estimates by duration of the exposure (less than 5 years [median of 3 years] vs. greater than 5 years [median of 10 years] of use before the cancer diagnosis). the relative risk associated with combined current and recent use (discontinued use within 5 years before cancer diagnosis) was 1.37 (95% ci 1.27–1.48), and the elevated risk was significant for both estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin products. the exact duration of hormone therapy use associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, however, is unknown. 3. probable dementia in the whims estrogen-alone ancillary study of whi, a population of 2,947 hysterectomized women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone or placebo. after an average follow-up of 5.2 years, 28 women in the estrogen-alone group and 19 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. the relative risk of probable dementia for ce-alone versus placebo was 1.49 (95 percent ci, 0.83–2.66). the absolute risk of probable dementia for ce-alone versus placebo was 37 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years. (see clinical studies and precautions, geriatric use .) in the whims estrogen plus progestin ancillary study of whi, a population of 4,532 postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) or placebo. after an average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women in the ce plus mpa group and 21 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. the relative risk of probable dementia for ce plus mpa versus placebo was 2.05 (95 percent ci 1.21–3.48). the absolute risk of probable dementia for ce plus mpa versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000 women-years. (see clinical studies and precautions, geriatric use .) when data from the two populations in the whims estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin ancillary studies were pooled as planned in the whims protocol, the reported overall relative risk for probable dementia was 1.76 (95 percent ci, 1.19–2.60). since both substudies were conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women. (see precautions, geriatric use .) 4. gallbladder disease a 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving postmenopausal estrogens has been reported. 5. hypercalcemia estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. if hypercalcemia occurs, use of the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum calcium level. 6. visual abnormalities retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in patients receiving estrogens. discontinue medication pending examination if there is sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine. if examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued. 7. anaphylactic reaction and angioedema cases of anaphylaxis, which developed within minutes to hours after using premarin intravenous and require emergency medical management, have been reported in the postmarketing setting. skin (hives, pruritis, swollen lips-tongue-face) and either respiratory tract (respiratory compromise) or gastrointestinal tract (abdominal pain, vomiting) involvement has been noted. angioedema involving the tongue, larynx, face, hands, and feet requiring medical intervention has occurred postmarketing in patients using premarin intravenous. if angioedema involves the tongue, glottis, or larynx, airway obstruction may occur. patients who develop an anaphylactic reaction with or without angioedema after treatment with premarin intravenous should not receive premarin intravenous again. 8. hereditary angioedema exogenous estrogens may induce or exacerbate symptoms of angioedema, particularly in women with hereditary angioedema.

, a generalized effect of estrogen therapy on blood pressure was not seen. 3. hypertriglyceridemia in women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis. consider discontinuation of treatment if pancreatitis occurs. 4. hepatic impairment and/or past history of cholestatic jaundice estrogens may be poorly metabolized in women with impaired liver function. for women with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past estrogen use or with pregnancy, caution should be exercised, and in the case of recurrence, medication should be discontinued. 5. hypothyroidism estrogen administration leads to increased thyroid-binding globulin (tbg) levels. women with normal thyroid function can compensate for the increased tbg by making more thyroid hormone, thus maintaining free t 4 and t 3 serum concentrations in the normal range. women dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of their thyroid replacement therapy. these women should have their thyroid function monitored in order to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable range. 6. fluid retention estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention. women with conditions that might be influenced by this factor, such as a cardiac or renal dysfunction, warrant careful observation when estrogens are prescribed. 7. hypocalcemia estrogen therapy should be used with caution in individuals with hypoparathyroidism as estrogen-induced hypocalcemia may occur. 8. exacerbation of endometriosis a few cases of malignant transformation of residual endometrial implants have been reported in women treated post-hysterectomy with estrogen-alone therapy. for women known to have residual endometriosis post-hysterectomy, the addition of progestin should be considered. 9. exacerbation of other conditions estrogen therapy may cause an exacerbation of asthma, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, migraine, porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic hemangiomas and should be used with caution in women with these conditions.

dextrose, and invert sugar solutions. it is not compatible with protein hydrolysate, ascorbic acid, or any solution with an acid ph.

superficial venous thrombosis. pulmonary embolism. thrombophlebitis. myocardial infarction. stroke. increase in blood pressure. gastrointestinal nausea, vomiting. abdominal cramps, bloating. cholestatic jaundice. increased incidence of gallbladder disease. pancreatitis. enlargement of hepatic hemangiomas. ischemic colitis. skin chloasma or melasma that may persist when drug is discontinued. erythema multiforme. erythema nodosum. hemorrhagic eruption. loss of scalp hair. hirsutism. pruritis. rash. eyes retinal vascular thrombosis. intolerance to contact lenses. central nervous system headache. migraine. dizziness. mental depression. exacerbation of chorea. nervousness. exacerbation of epilepsy. dementia. possible growth potentiation of benign meningioma. miscellaneous increase or decrease in weight. glucose intolerance. aggravation of porphyria. edema. arthralgia. leg cramps. changes in libido. urticaria. hypocalcemia (preexisting condition). injection site pain. injection site edema. phlebitis (injection site). exacerbation of asthma. increased triglycerides.

n receptors have been identified. these vary in proportion from tissue to tissue. circulating estrogens modulate the pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), through a negative feedback mechanism. estrogens act to reduce the elevated levels of these gonadotropins seen in postmenopausal women. pharmacokinetics a. absorption conjugated estrogens are water-soluble and are well-absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract after release from the drug formulation. b. distribution the distribution of exogenous estrogens is similar to that of endogenous estrogens. estrogens are widely distributed in the body and are generally found in higher concentration in the sex hormone target organs. estrogens circulate in the blood largely bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (shbg) and albumin. c. metabolism exogenous estrogens are metabolized in the same manner as endogenous estrogens. circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions. these transformations take place mainly in the liver. estradiol is converted reversibly to estrone, and both can be converted to estriol, which is a major urinary metabolite. estrogens also undergo enterohepatic recirculation via sulfate and glucuronide conjugation in the liver, biliary secretion of conjugates into the intestine, and hydrolysis in the intestine followed by reabsorption. in postmenopausal women a significant proportion of the circulating estrogens exist as sulfate conjugates, especially estrone sulfate, which serves as a circulating reservoir for the formation of more active estrogens. d. excretion estradiol, estrone, and estriol are excreted in the urine along with glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. e. special populations no pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in special populations, including patients with renal or hepatic impairment. f. drug interactions data from a single-dose drug-drug interaction study involving oral ce and mpa indicate that the pharmacokinetic dispositions of both drugs are not altered when the drugs are coadministered. no other clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with conjugated estrogens. in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4). therefore, inducers or inhibitors of cyp3a4 may affect estrogen drug metabolism. inducers of cyp3a4, such as st. john's wort (hypericum perforatum) preparations, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin, may reduce plasma concentrations of estrogens, possibly resulting in a decrease in therapeutic effects and/or changes in the uterine bleeding profile. inhibitors of cyp3a4, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice, may increase plasma concentrations of estrogens and may result in side effects.

conjugates into the intestine, and hydrolysis in the intestine followed by reabsorption. in postmenopausal women a significant proportion of the circulating estrogens exist as sulfate conjugates, especially estrone sulfate, which serves as a circulating reservoir for the formation of more active estrogens. d. excretion estradiol, estrone, and estriol are excreted in the urine along with glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. e. special populations no pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in special populations, including patients with renal or hepatic impairment. f. drug interactions data from a single-dose drug-drug interaction study involving oral ce and mpa indicate that the pharmacokinetic dispositions of both drugs are not altered when the drugs are coadministered. no other clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with conjugated estrogens. in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4). therefore, inducers or inhibitors of cyp3a4 may affect estrogen drug metabolism. inducers of cyp3a4, such as st. john's wort (hypericum perforatum) preparations, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin, may reduce plasma concentrations of estrogens, possibly resulting in a decrease in therapeutic effects and/or changes in the uterine bleeding profile. inhibitors of cyp3a4, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice, may increase plasma concentrations of estrogens and may result in side effects.

ation would be obtained regarding the risks and benefits of estrogen-alone in predetermined primary endpoints. results of the estrogen-alone substudy, which included 10,739 women (average 63 years of age, range 50 to 79; 75.3 percent white, 15.1 percent black, 6.1 percent hispanic, 3.6 percent other) after an average follow-up of 7.1 years, are presented in table 1. table 1. relative and absolute risk seen in the estrogen-alone substudy of whi adapted from numerous whi publications. whi publications can be viewed at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi. event relative risk ce vs. placebo (95% nci nominal confidence intervals unadjusted for multiple looks and multiple comparisons. ) ce n = 5,310 placebo n = 5,429 absolute risk per 10,000 women-years chd events results are based on centrally adjudicated data for an average follow-up of 7.1 years. 0.95 (0.78–1.16) 54 57 non-fatal mi 0.91 (0.73–1.14) 40 43 chd death 1.01 (0.71–1.43) 16 16 all stroke 1.33 (1.05–1.68) 45 33 ischemic stroke 1.55 (1.19–2.01) 38 25 deep vein thrombosis , not included in global index. 1.47 (1.06–2.06) 23 15 pulmonary embolism 1.37 (0.90–2.07) 14 10 invasive breast cancer 0.80 (0.62–1.04) 28 34 colorectal cancer results are based on an average follow-up of 6.8 years. 1.08 (0.75–1.55) 17 16 hip fracture 0.65 (0.45–0.94) 12 19 vertebral fractures , 0.64 (0.44–0.93) 11 18 lower arm/wrist fractures , 0.58 (0.47–0.72) 35 59 total fractures , 0.71 (0.64–0.80) 144 197 death due to other causes , all deaths, except from breast or colorectal cancer, definite or probable chd, pe or cerebrovascular disease. 1.08 (0.88–1.32) 53 50 overall mortality , 1.04 (0.88–1.22) 79 75 global index a subset of the events was combined in a "global index," defined as the earliest occurrence of chd events, invasive breast cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, or death due to other causes. 1.02 (0.92–1.13) 206 201 for those outcomes included in the whi "global index" that reached statistical significance, the absolute excess risk per 10,000 women-years in the group treated with ce-alone were 12 more strokes, while the absolute risk reduction per 10,000 women-years was 7 fewer hip fractures. the absolute excess risk of events included in the "global index" was a nonsignificant 5 events per 10,000 women-years. there was no difference between the groups in terms of all-cause mortality. no overall difference for primary chd events (nonfatal mi, silent mi and chd death) and invasive breast cancer incidence in women receiving ce-alone compared with placebo was reported in final centrally adjudicated results from the estrogen-alone substudy, after an average follow-up of 7.1 years. centrally adjudicated results for stroke events from the estrogen-alone substudy, after an average follow-up of 7.1 years, reported no significant difference in distribution of stroke subtype or severity, including fatal strokes, in women receiving ce-alone compared to placebo. estrogen alone increased the risk of ischemic stroke, and this excess was present in all subgroups of women examined. timing of the initiation of estrogen-alone therapy relative to the start of menopause may affect the overall risk benefit profile. the whi estrogen-alone substudy stratified by age showed in women 50 to 59 years of age, a non-significant trend toward reduced risk for chd [hazard ratio (hr) 0.63 (95 percent ci, 0.36–1.09)] and overall mortality [hr 0.71 (95 percent ci, 0.46–1.11)]. whi estrogen plus progestin substudy the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy was stopped early. according to the predefined stopping rule, after an average follow-up of 5.6 years of treatment, the increased risk of invasive breast cancer and cardiovascular events exceeded the specified benefits included in the "global index." the absolute excess risk of events included in the "global index" was 19 per 10,000 women-years. for those outcomes included in the whi "global index" that reached statistical significance after 5.6 years of follow-up, the absolute excess risks per 10,000 women-years in the group treated with ce plus mpa were 7 more chd events, 8 more strokes, 10 more pes, and 8 more invasive breast cancers, while the absolute risk reductions per 10,000 women-years were 6 fewer colorectal cancers and 5 fewer hip fractures. results of the estrogen plus progestin substudy, which included 16,608 women (average 63 years of age, range 50 to 79; 83.9 percent white, 6.8 percent black, 5.4 percent hispanic, 3.9 percent other) are presented in table 2. these results reflect centrally adjudicated data after an average follow-up of 5.6 years. table 2. relative and absolute risk seen in the estrogen plus progestin substudy of whi at an average of 5.6 years adapted from numerous whi publications. whi publications can be viewed at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi. , results are based on centrally adjudicated data. event relative risk ce/mpa vs. placebo (95% nci nominal confidence intervals unadjusted for multiple looks and multiple comparisons. ) ce/mpa n = 8,506 placebo n = 8,102 absolute risk per 10,000 women-years chd events 1.23 (0.99–1.53) 41 34 non-fatal mi 1.28 (1.00–1.63) 31 25 chd death 1.10 (0.70–1.75) 8 8 all strokes 1.31 (1.03–1.68) 33 25 ischemic stroke 1.44 (1.09–1.90) 26 18 deep vein thrombosis not included in "global index". 1.95 (1.43–2.67) 26 13 pulmonary embolism 2.13 (1.45–3.11) 18 8 invasive breast cancer includes metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer, with the exception of in situ breast cancer. 1.24 (1.01–1.54) 41 33 colorectal cancer 0.61 (0.42–0.87) 10 16 endometrial cancer 0.81 (0.48–1.36) 6 7 cervical cancer 1.44 (0.47–4.42) 2 1 hip fracture 0.67 (0.47–0.96) 11 16 vertebral fractures 0.65 (0.46–0.92) 11 17 lower arm/wrist fractures 0.71 (0.59–0.85) 44 62 total fractures 0.76 (0.69–0.83) 152 199 overall mortality all deaths, except from breast or colorectal cancer, definite or probable chd, pe or cerebrovascular disease. 1.00 (0.83–1.19) 52 52 global index a subset of the events was combined in a "global index," defined as the earliest occurrence of chd events, invasive breast cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, or death due to other causes. 1.13 (1.02–1.25) 184 165 timing of the initiation of estrogen plus progestin therapy relative to the start of menopause may affect the overall risk benefit profile. the whi estrogen plus progestin substudy stratified by age showed in women 50 to 59 years of age a non-significant trend toward reduced risk for overall mortality [hr 0.69 (95 percent ci, 0.44–1.07)]. women's health initiative memory study the whims estrogen-alone ancillary study of whi enrolled 2,947 predominantly healthy postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age and older (45 percent were 65 to 69 years of age; 36 percent were 70 to 74 years of age; 19 percent were 75 years of age and older) to evaluate the effects of daily ce (0.625 mg)-alone on the incidence of probable dementia (primary outcome) compared to placebo. after an average follow-up of 5.2 years, the relative risk of probable dementia for ce-alone versus placebo was 1.49 (95 percent ci, 0.83–2.66). the absolute risk of probable dementia for ce-alone versus placebo was 37 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years. probable dementia as defined in this study included alzheimer disease (ad), vascular dementia (vad) and mixed type (having features of both ad and vad). the most common classification of probable dementia in the treatment group and the placebo group was ad. since the ancillary study was conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women. (see warnings, probable dementia and precautions, geriatric use .) the whims estrogen plus progestin ancillary study enrolled 4,532 predominantly healthy postmenopausal women 65 years of age and older (47 percent were 65 to 69 years of age; 35 percent were 70 to 74 years of age; 18 percent were 75 years of age and older) to evaluate the effects of daily ce (0.625 mg) plus mpa (2.5 mg) on the incidence of probable dementia (primary outcome) compared to placebo. after an average follow-up of 4 years, the relative risk of probable dementia for ce plus mpa was 2.05 (95 percent ci, 1.21–3.48). the absolute risk of probable dementia for ce plus mpa versus placebo was 45 versus 22 per 10,000 women-years. probable dementia as defined in this study included ad, vad and mixed type (having features of both ad and vad). the most common classification of probable dementia in the treatment group and the placebo group was ad. since the ancillary study was conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women. (see warnings, probable dementia and precautions, geriatric use .) when data from the two populations were pooled as planned in the whims protocol, the reported overall relative risk for probable dementia was 1.76 (95 percent ci, 1.19–2.60). differences between groups became apparent in the first year of treatment. it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women. (see warnings, probable dementia and precautions, geriatric use .)

en-alone may increase your chance of getting dementia, based on a study of women 65 years of age or older • do not use estrogens with progestins to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, strokes or dementia • using estrogens with progestins may increase your chances of getting heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, or blood clots • using estrogens with progestins may increase your chance of getting dementia, based on a study of women 65 years of age or older • you and your healthcare provider should talk regularly about whether you still need treatment with estrogens what is premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous is a medicine that contains a mixture of estrogen hormones. premarin intravenous is used to: • treat certain types of abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance when your doctor has found no other cause of bleeding who should not use premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous should not be used if you: • have unusual vaginal bleeding that has not been evaluated by your healthcare provider • currently have or have had certain cancers estrogens may increase the chance of getting certain types of cancers, including cancer of the breast or uterus. if you have or have had cancer, talk with your healthcare provider about whether you should use premarin intravenous. • had a stroke or heart attack • currently have or have had blood clots • currently have or have had liver problems • have been diagnosed with a bleeding disorder • are allergic to premarin intravenous or any of its ingredients see the list of ingredients in premarin intravenous at the end of this leaflet. • think you may be pregnant tell your healthcare provider: • if you are breast feeding the hormones in premarin intravenous can pass into your breast milk. • about all of your medical problems your healthcare provider may need to check you more carefully if you have certain conditions, such as asthma (wheezing), epilepsy (seizures), diabetes, migraine, endometriosis, lupus, problems with your heart, liver, thyroid, kidneys, or have high calcium levels in your blood. • about all the medicines you take this includes prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. some medicines may affect how premarin intravenous works. what are the possible side effects of premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous is for short-term use only. however, the risks associated with oral premarin treatment should be taken into account. side effects are grouped by how serious they are and how often they happen when you are treated. serious, but less common side effects include: • heart attack • stroke • blood clots • dementia • breast cancer • cancer of the lining of the uterus (womb) • cancer of the ovary • high blood pressure • high blood sugar • gallbladder disease • liver problems • enlargement of benign tumors of the uterus ("fibroids") • severe allergic reactions call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following warning signs or any other unusual symptoms that concern you: • new breast lumps • unusual vaginal bleeding • changes in vision or speech • sudden new severe headaches • severe pains in your chest or legs with or without shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue • swollen lips, tongue and face less serious, but common side effects include: • headache • breast pain • irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting • stomach or abdominal cramps, bloating • nausea and vomiting • hair loss • fluid retention • vaginal yeast infection these are not all the possible side effects of premarin. for more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1-800-fda-1088. what can i do to lower my chances of getting a serious side effect with premarin intravenous? • if you have high blood pressure, high cholesterol (fat in the blood), diabetes, are overweight, or if you use tobacco, you may have higher chances for getting heart disease ask your healthcare provider for ways to lower your chances for getting heart disease. general information about the safe and effective use of premarin intravenous medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. do not use premarin intravenous for conditions for which it was not prescribed. do not give premarin intravenous to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. it may harm them. keep premarin intravenous out of the reach of children. this leaflet provides a summary of the most important information about premarin intravenous. if you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. you can ask for information about premarin intravenous that is written for health professionals. to report suspected adverse reactions, contact pfizer at 1-800-438-1985 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. what are the ingredients in premarin iv? premarin intravenous for injection contains a mixture of conjugated estrogens, which are a mixture of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate and other components including sodium sulfate conjugates: 17α-dihydroequilin, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-dihydroequilin. premarin intravenous for injection also contains lactose, sodium citrate, simethicone, and sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid in dry form. the reconstituted solution is suitable for intravenous or intramuscular injection. each premarin intravenous (conjugated estrogens, usp) for injection package provides 25 mg/vial of conjugated estrogens, usp, in dry form for intravenous or intramuscular use. this product's label may have been updated. for current full prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com. lab-0505-5.0 rev 12/2021 logo

g estrogen-alone may increase your chance of getting dementia, based on a study of women 65 years of age or older • do not use estrogens with progestins to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, strokes or dementia • using estrogens with progestins may increase your chances of getting heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, or blood clots • using estrogens with progestins may increase your chance of getting dementia, based on a study of women 65 years of age or older • you and your healthcare provider should talk regularly about whether you still need treatment with estrogens. what is premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous is a medicine that contains a mixture of estrogen hormones. premarin intravenous is used to: • treat certain types of abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance when your doctor has found no other cause of bleeding who should not use premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous should not be used if you: • have unusual vaginal bleeding that has not been evaluated by your healthcare provider • currently have or have had certain cancers estrogens may increase the chance of getting certain types of cancers, including cancer of the breast or uterus. if you have or have had cancer, talk with your healthcare provider about whether you should use premarin intravenous. • had a stroke or heart attack • currently have or have had blood clots • currently have or have had liver problems • have been diagnosed with a bleeding disorder • are allergic to premarin intravenous or any of its ingredients see the list of ingredients in premarin intravenous at the end of this leaflet. • think you may be pregnant tell your healthcare provider: • if you are breast feeding the hormones in premarin intravenous can pass into your breast milk. • about all of your medical problems your healthcare provider may need to check you more carefully if you have certain conditions, such as asthma (wheezing), epilepsy (seizures), diabetes, migraine, endometriosis, lupus, problems with your heart, liver, thyroid, kidneys, or have high calcium levels in your blood. • about all the medicines you take this includes prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. some medicines may affect how premarin intravenous works. what are the possible side effects of premarin intravenous? premarin intravenous is for short-term use only. however, the risks associated with oral premarin treatment should be taken into account. side effects are grouped by how serious they are and how often they happen when you are treated. serious, but less common side effects include: • heart attack • stroke • blood clots • dementia • breast cancer • cancer of the lining of the uterus (womb) • cancer of the ovary • high blood pressure • high blood sugar • gallbladder disease • liver problems • enlargement of benign tumors of the uterus ("fibroids") • severe allergic reactions call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following warning signs or any other unusual symptoms that concern you: • new breast lumps • unusual vaginal bleeding • changes in vision or speech • sudden new severe headaches • severe pains in your chest or legs with or without shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue • swollen lips, tongue and face less serious, but common side effects include: • headache • breast pain • irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting • stomach or abdominal cramps, bloating • nausea and vomiting • hair loss • fluid retention • vaginal yeast infection these are not all the possible side effects of premarin. for more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1-800-fda-1088. what can i do to lower my chances of getting a serious side effect with premarin intravenous? • if you have high blood pressure, high cholesterol (fat in the blood), diabetes, are overweight, or if you use tobacco, you may have higher chances for getting heart disease ask your healthcare provider for ways to lower your chances for getting heart disease. general information about the safe and effective use of premarin intravenous medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. do not use premarin intravenous for conditions for which it was not prescribed. do not give premarin intravenous to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. it may harm them. keep premarin intravenous out of the reach of children. this leaflet provides a summary of the most important information about premarin intravenous. if you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. you can ask for information about premarin intravenous that is written for health professionals. to report suspected adverse reactions, contact pfizer at 1-800-438-1985 or fda at 1-800-fda-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. what are the ingredients in premarin iv? premarin intravenous for injection contains a mixture of conjugated estrogens, which are a mixture of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate and other components including sodium sulfate conjugates: 17α-dihydroequilin, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-dihydroequilin. premarin intravenous for injection also contains lactose, sodium citrate, simethicone, and sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid in dry form. the reconstituted solution is suitable for intravenous or intramuscular injection. each premarin intravenous (conjugated estrogens, usp) for injection package provides 25 mg/vial of conjugated estrogens, usp, in dry form for intravenous or intramuscular use. this product's label may have been updated. for current full prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com. lab-0518-4.0 rev 12/2021 logo